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The city of Urmia is located within 20 km of Urmia Lake in the middle of the Urmia plain at an altitude of 1332 meters above sea level in West Azerbaijan Province. The weather in Urmia is fairly hot in summer and cold in winter. As it is mentioned, Urmia Lake, which is the largest inland lake in Iran and the second largest saltwater lake in the world, situated in this city.

With more than three thousand years of history, this city is the oldest city in the northwestern region of Iran, registered as the 19th historical city of Iran in UNESCO. 

Urmia metropolitan is the tenth most populous city in Iran and the second most populous city in the northwestern region of Iran. The city has been one of the trade centers of the region since the past due to its convenient location on the path connecting to some main regions. In fact, Urmia has been on the trade routes as customs for export and import of goods from Iran to other places and vice versa. It is also a favorable place for buying and selling agricultural and nomadic products of the people around this city. 

The city has the first modern hospital formation and is known as the first medical training center, the first modern school, the first local television network, the first local magazine in Iran and the capital of the volleyball of Iran. 

Urmia is an ethnic mix city with different religions and sects. The majority of the habitants of Urmia are Azerbaijani Turks as well as a minority of Kurds and Christians.

Although Urmia Lake is one of the most famous and eye-catching attractions both nationwide and worldwide, there are several historical or natural attractions which Jameh Mosque of Urmia could be one of them. Best season to visit this historical city is summer.

Sightseeing

Baghche Jough palace, one of the most dramatic historical palaces of Iran commissioned by “Eghbal al- Sultan Makuei“, the...

Known as an important historical and cultural complex and, according to legend, the birthplace of Zoroaster, Takht-e Soleyman...

The Sahoolan cave with the geological structure of water, soil and limestone is one of the most wonderful...

The Complex of Armenian churches, some nearby buildings and Dare Sham village are the elements of cultural exchange...

Urmia Lake is the biggest salt water lake of Iran is located between the eastern Azerbaijan province and...

Beside the Mausoleum of Shams-e Tabrizi, one of the famous mystics (584-645 AH) and disciple of Rumi (the...

In the middle of grasslands and forests there is a hill with a strange and colorful shape that...

Seh Gonbadan Tower, literally meaning three domes, is a monument located in southeast of Urmia, the center of...

Dzordzor Chapel, also known as Chapel of Holy Mother of God, is located twelve kilometers northwest of Saint...

Shalmash in one of the most important and roaring waterfalls in West Azerbaijan Province which is located in...

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Published by Elmira on May 8, 2019 May 8, 2019

Lake urmia; resurrected beauty of iran.

Lake Urmia or Orumiyeh Lake on the border of East and West Azerbaijan Provinces of Iran, is Iran’s largest inland water body (5,200 km 2 ) and a UNESCO biosphere reserve. It was once the world’s 2 nd largest hypersaline lake, before the dramatic shrinkage and drop in Lake Urmia water levels due to climatic and human influences. Counting as one of the most popular Urmia attractions , Lake Urmia is most conveniently reachable from city of Urmia, in West Azerbaijan.

After the generous rainfalls of March 2019, Orumiyeh Lake was miraculously revived, making it well worth to have an account of Lake Urmia before and after its close-to-death depletion and grand revival.

Home to exotic marine species and migrating birds, Orumiyeh Lake also prides scenic landscapes and a hundred rocky islands, not to mention a gracious host to ancient civilizations in the region.

Photo by @Ahmet CEVATZADE on Flickr

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#1 Geographical facts about Lake Urmia

Geographical facts about Lake Urmia : Located on the border of East and West Azerbaijan Provinces of Northwestern Iran, Lake Urmia is Iran’s largest lake and the world’s 2 nd largest salt lake.

At its vastest, Lake Urmia measured 5,200 km 2 , at a length of 140 km, a width of 55 km, and a maximum depth of 16 m. However, in recent years Orumiyeh Lake shrunk to a catastrophic 10 percent of its original size, with 700 km 2 in 2013, due to prolonged drought and water mismanagement by authorities. Fortunately, the heavy rainfalls of early 2019 and March 2019 brought the lake back to life.

The lake hosts 102 rocky islands, and is fed by 16 primary inflows of rivers such as Zarrineh-Rud and Aji-Chay, and frequent precipitation, typical of the climate of northwestern Iran and no outflows.

Photo by @tag-h Adrin on Flickr

#2 Ecological Importance of Orumiyeh Lake

Ecological Importance of Orumiyeh Lake : Lake Urmia is internationally registered as a protected area as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and a Ramsar site (since 1975). Orumiyeh Lake is also protected as a national park by the Iranian Department of Environment.

Boasting a remarkable biodiversity, Orumiyeh Lake hosts up to 226 species of birds, 27 species of amphibians and reptiles and 24 species of mammals (47 fossils have been recorded in the area), 62 species of archaebacteria and bacteria, 42 species of microfungi, 20 species of phytoplankton, 311 species of plants, etc.

Around 10,000 flamingos are staying put at Urmia Lake and its vernal pools. (Photo Credit to Financial Tribune)

Perhaps the most prominent ecological feature of Lake Urmia is it hosting migrating birds in its 102 small rocky island, such as flamingos, pelicans, ibises, gulls, etc.

The recent dry spells resulted in the increased salinity of the lake, making it no more a habitat of fish species, but the Artemia, a food source of flamingos. At its driest, there were speculations of this species going extinct too.

Some accounts pointed the lake used to host 100,000 to 200,000 birds in winter every year before its drastic shrinkage. However, hopes are high that the revival of the lake will reverse the decline in recent years.

Certain climatic conditions produce a type of algae that periodically turns Lake Urmia bright red. (Photo by @Jo Gill on Pintrest)

#3 Lake Urmia Before and After

Lake Urmia Before and After and Lake Urmia Water Level : Orumiyeh Lake  used to measure 5,200 km 2 , however, in recent years Orumiyeh Lake shrunk to a catastrophic 10 percent of its original size, with 700 km 2 in 2013. Water volume of the lake dropped from 30 billion m 2 in 1997 to 2.5 billion m 2 in 2017.

Bridge Crossing Lake Urmia (photo by @Javier Ortega Figueiral on Flickr)

In 2014, The Iranian government, during President Rouhani’s Administration, allocated hefty budgets (over 500 million dollars) for the first year of revival program with international aid. However, the restoration program could not affect significant improvements to Lake Urmia’s tenuous condition. Large budgets have  annually been assigned to improve the agricultural and water management infrastructures around the region, ever since.

Revival Progress of Lake Urmia by NASA Earth Observatory

Reasons of the devastative shrinkage of the lake are cited as long drought periods and most importantly, irresponsible drilling of 40,000 wells on the lakes basins, construction of numerous dams on the inflowing rivers, in previous administrations mainly for agricultural purposes, and erecting a bridge across the lake to shorten traveling distance between Tabriz and Oroumiyeh cities aggravated the depletion of the lake.

Fortunately, rainfalls since Fall 2018 intensifying in March 2019, resurrected the lake to a surface area of 3,000 km 2 and Orumiyeh Lake water level increasing by 59 centimeters compared to 2013, according to the governor (according to 13 April 2019 updates).

Recent heavy rainfalls in Iran hugely help the Lake Urmia revive.

#4 Attractions of Orumiyeh Lake

Attractions of Orumiyeh Lake : Lake Urmia offers its visitors the chance to entertain themselves with the inherent splendor of its nature. When Visiting Orumiyeh Lake, one can enjoy the following activities and landscapes:

• Bird Watching
• Boating and visiting the different islands of Orumiyeh Lake
• Photography

Photo by @Jo Gill on Pinterest

• Mud Therapy and Brine floating : The mud at the lake is rich with minerals such as chlorine, sulfate, sulfur, iodine, iron, and organic matter, that is popular to treat skin diseases, rheumatism, psychosomatic illness, pelvic inflammation, and menstrual disorders among others. Also due to high concentration of salt, people can float in the water without sinking, which can offer relaxing time.

Mud Therapy (Photo by @Jo Gill on Pinterest)

• Mesmerizing landscapes : salt crystals and microorganisms of the lake create fantastic sceneries, especially at sunset
• Kazem Dashi Region on the west shore of the lake, which when Lake Urmia water level is high appears as a peninsula covered with Poppies, a refreshing view!

Photo by @urmiyephoto on Flickr

#5 History of Lake Urmia

History of Lake Urmia : Etymologically, the origin of Lake Urmia’s name can be of Urartian, or derived from Indu-Iranian “Urmya” meaning wavy. Locally, the lake is referred to in Persian as Daryāche-ye Orumiyeh . Its Old Persian name was Chichast, meaning “glittering” refereeing to the glittering nature of salt crystals covering the lake.

Lake Urmia region hides the archaeological treasures of the Neolithic Era and proof of settlement since 7,000 BC.  Teppe Hasanlu, , Yanik Teppe  and Haji Firouz Teppe are among the famous ancient settlements in the vicinity of Orumiyeh Lake. The lake was the center of the ancient Mannaean Kingdom. One of the early mentions of Lake Urmia is from Assyrian records of the 9 th century BC (Shalmaneser III (858–824 BC).

The Battle of Urmia, during the Ottoman-Safavid Wars was fought near the lake in 1604.

Orumiyeh Lake has been home to Iranians, Assyrians, and Armenians in the past centuries.

Photo by @Ninara on Flickr

How to Get to and Best Time to visit Lake Urmia:

Orumiyeh Lake is located between two Provinces of East and West Azerbaijan. and the best time to travel to the region is Spring and Summer a the weather is mild in the seasons.

I had never loved my country more before I serendipitously found myself in tourism and took a sharp turn from my soulless job to give in to the magic of my home, Iran!

Johnny · July 6, 2019 at 11:29 am

Thanks for the post. When is the best time for bird watching in Lake Urmia?

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Walking In Iran

Walking in Iran is an online magazine to introduce all the ancient and natural monuments of Iran in detail.

Lake Urmia: Iran’s blue jewel in danger Lake Urmia, the blue gem of Iran and the largest internal lake of our country, is located in the northwest of Iran and between the two provinces of West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan. In addition to its eye-catching beauty and unique biodiversity, this lake plays a vital role in the life and economy of the residents of this region as a source of water supply for agriculture, drinking and industry for the people of the region, as well as an attractive destination for tourism. A turbulent history: Lake Urmia is about eight million years old and has witnessed many ups and downs throughout its history. In the past, this lake was used as a natural border between Iran and the Roman Empire, as well as a route for commercial exchanges and transportation of goods and passengers between the two countries of Iran and the Ottoman Empire. Unfortunately, in recent years, due to drought and excessive extraction of water from the region’s water resources, Urmia Lake has faced severe dryness and its area has decreased significantly. Consequences of drying up Lake Urmia: The drying up of Lake Urmia has had devastating consequences for the region’s environment. Among these consequences, the following can be mentioned: Increase in dust and air pollution Destruction of the habitat of migratory birds and animals of the region Dry wetlands and wet areas around the lake Soil salinization and reduction of agricultural products Unemployment and economic problems for the people of the region Efforts to revive Lake Urmia: Fortunately, in recent years, efforts have been started to revive Lake Urmia. Among these efforts, the following can be mentioned: Reduction of water withdrawal from water sources in the region Dredging of rivers and canals leading to the lake Implementation of watershed and reservoir projects Increasing public awareness about the importance of protecting Lake Urmia

Bostanak Canyon

Narin Castle

Lake Urmia, the largest domestic lake in Iran , is the largest saltwater lake in the Middle East, and the sixth-largest saline water in the world. The water of this lake is very salty and is fed more than Zarrinehroud, Siminrood, Talkhrood, Gaader, Barandoz, shahre Chai, Nazlou, and Zola.

This lake is located between the provinces of East and West Azerbaijan in Iran, and west of the southern portion of the Caspian Sea.

In an inscription related to the ninth century BC in Shalmanser III (reign between 858-824 BC) two names are mentioned in the place of Lake Urmia : Persawa (meaning Persians or Persians) and Matai (or Mitans).

For the last five hundred years, the area around the lake has been inhabited by Iranians, including Azerbaijanis and Kurds .

According to the biodiversity list of Urmia Lake National Park in 2014 and 2016, Urmia Lake National Park accommodates 62 species of bacteria and arcobacter, 42 species of microscopic fungi, 20 species of algae, 311 plant species, 5 species of two-step mollusks (islands rivers), 226 species of birds , 27 species of reptiles and amphibians and 24 species of mammals. At least 47 species have been fossilized. This ecosystem has been internationally registered by UNESCO as a protected area.

Because of the over-salinity of the lake, no fish live in this lake. However, this Lake is one of the most important habitats of Artemisia. This crustacean is one of the main sources of feeding migratory birds, including flamingos.

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Lake Urmia, Iran (Photos, History, and More)

Lake Urmia , located in Northwestern Iran, has long been celebrated as one of the world’s largest hypersaline lakes and a natural wonder. Spanning an area of approximately 5,200 square kilometers, it has been an essential ecological and economic resource for the region. If you’re a nature lover seeking an extraordinary travel experience, Lake Urmia should undoubtedly be at the top of your bucket list. This ancient saltwater lake has captivated travelers and explorers for centuries with its breathtaking vistas, unique ecological features, and therapeutic properties. In this article, we invite you to embark on a virtual journey to explore the allure and charm of Lake Urmia, a remarkable tourist attraction.

Table of Contents

The Greatness of Lake Urmia

Lake Urmia is the largest lake in Iran, the largest saltwater lake in the Middle East, and the sixth-largest saltwater lake in the world. This great lake, also known as the “Salt Sea” due to its remarkably high salinity, is one of the world’s most remarkable hypersaline lakes. Covering an extensive area of approximately 5,200 square kilometers, this awe-inspiring lake is a testament to the beauty and diversity of nature.

What Is Lake Urmia Known For?

Lake Urmia, the largest salt lake in Iran, is known for its hypersaline nature, healing properties, and lively pink flamingos during migration seasons. The lake’s breathtaking beauty with its ever-changing colors and serene landscapes, makes it a sought-after destination for nature enthusiasts and photographers. Additionally, Lake Urmia’s traditional salt production, cultural significance, and historical heritage add depth to its allure, attracting visitors keen on exploring the region’s rich past. Despite environmental challenges, Lake Urmia remains a remarkable natural wonder, offering a unique and unforgettable experience for travelers seeking to discover the magic of this hidden gem.

Urmia Lake in Iran

Why Urmia Lake Is Important?

Lake Urmia is important for its rich biodiversity, serving as a critical habitat for various plant and animal species, including migratory birds and unique fish. The lake’s therapeutic properties have attracted visitors seeking natural remedies for health conditions, contributing to the region’s tourism and economy. Additionally, Lake Urmia holds cultural significance, with evidence of human settlement dating back thousands of years, making it of interest to history enthusiasts. Its preservation is essential for maintaining ecological balance, supporting local livelihoods, and ensuring the survival of migratory routes and various bird species, highlighting the significance of this natural wonder as a valuable asset for Iran and the world.

Therapeutic and Healing Properties

The therapeutic properties of Urmia Lake’s saltwater have been known and celebrated for centuries, attracting visitors seeking natural remedies for various health conditions. Some of the purported therapeutic properties of Urmia Lake’s saltwater:

1. Skin Conditions: The mineral-rich saltwater of this lake is believed to be beneficial for skin health. Bathing in the lake’s water is said to help soothe and alleviate skin conditions such as psoriasis, eczema, and acne. The natural salts and minerals in the water are thought to have cleansing and purifying effects on the skin, leaving it refreshed and rejuvenated.

The largest saltwater lake in the Middle East

2. Rheumatism and Arthritis: The buoyancy of the saltwater in Lake Urmia provides a gentle and supportive environment for those with joint and muscle issues, including rheumatism and arthritis. Immersing in the water can ease pressure on the joints, providing relief from pain and inflammation. The warmth of the lake’s waters can also help to relax muscles, promoting a sense of comfort.

3. Respiratory Ailments: Inhaling the saline-infused air near Lake Urmia is believed to have positive effects on respiratory health. The salt particles in the air are thought to help widen airways and improve breathing, making it beneficial for individuals with asthma, bronchitis, and other respiratory conditions.

Urmia Lake Wildlife

Lake Urmia is a vital ecosystem that supports a diverse array of wildlife, both aquatic and avian. Despite facing challenges due to the lake’s declining water levels, it remains an essential habitat for numerous species. Some of the fascinating wildlife that can be found in and around Lake Urmia:

1. Flamingos: Lake Urmia is perhaps most famous for its vibrant pink flamingos. These graceful birds gather in large numbers, especially during the migratory season, creating a breathtaking spectacle. The lake provides an ideal feeding ground for them, as its shallow waters are rich in the tiny shrimp and algae that give flamingos their pink color.

2. Migratory Birds: As a crucial stopover on the migration route between Europe and Africa, Lake Urmia attracts a wide variety of migratory birds. Thousands of waterfowl, including ducks, geese, and pelicans, visit the lake during their seasonal journeys, making it a haven for birdwatchers and ornithologists.

3. Gulls and Terns: Various species of gulls and terns can be seen along the lake’s shores, diving into the water to catch fish and other aquatic prey. These seabirds add to the picturesque scenery of the lake.

4. Wetland Birds: The wetlands surrounding the lake are home to an impressive diversity of wetland birds, such as herons, egrets, ibises, and storks. These elegant birds can often be seen wading through the shallow waters, searching for food.

Lake Urmia Photos

5. Fish: While the high salinity of Lake Urmia makes it challenging for many fish species to survive, some specially adapted species can thrive in these conditions. These include brine shrimp, killifish, and the endemic Urmia tooth carp. The brine shrimp, in particular, plays a crucial role in the lake’s ecosystem, serving as a primary food source for flamingos and other bird species.

6. Reptiles and Amphibians: The wetlands and marshy areas around Lake Urmia provide a habitat for various reptiles and amphibians, including turtles, snakes, and frogs. These creatures contribute to the overall biodiversity of the region.

7. Invertebrates: The lake’s saline waters are home to numerous invertebrates, including crustaceans and snails. These small organisms play a vital role in the lake’s food chain and ecological balance.

Salt Crystals and Salt Production

Lake Urmia’s salt crystals and traditional salt production are fascinating aspects that add to the allure of this unique destination. Along the lake’s shores, stunning salt formations glisten under the sun, creating a surreal and enchanting landscape. These gleaming salt crystals form as the water evaporates, leaving behind a layer of crystallized salt. The interplay of light and salt creates a mesmerizing sight, drawing photographers and nature enthusiasts to capture the beauty of this natural wonder.

Salt production has been a significant economic activity in the region for centuries. Local communities have mastered the art of traditional salt harvesting, carefully collecting the crystallized salt from the lake’s shores. Workers skillfully scrape the salt crystals and pile them into mounds, which are then left to dry in the sun. Once dried, the salt is collected, cleaned, and processed for various uses, including culinary and industrial purposes.

Urmia Lake National Park Khaneshan

Lake Urmia and its 102 islands were declared a protected area of Urmia in 1967. After that, in 1975, the same area plus 60 meters of lake boundary with an area of 540,885 hectares was upgraded to Urmia Lake National Park due to its unique characteristics, special and sensitive climatic conditions, and the need for special protection. The national park is home to numerous species of plants and animals, many of which are endemic to the region. The park is a valuable ecosystem for wildlife and plays a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance of the area.

Salt Lake of Iran

What Happened to Lake Urmia?

Lake Urmia has faced a severe environmental crisis marked by a significant decline in its water levels and overall health. Natural factors such as climate change and prolonged drought have contributed to a reduced inflow of water into the lake, causing water scarcity and a drop in water levels. Human activities, including water mismanagement, dam construction, and pollution, have further exacerbated the situation. The lake’s hypersaline nature has made it sensitive to changes in water levels, impacting its delicate ecosystem and biodiversity. As a result, this lake has experienced the loss of critical wetland habitats, reduced agricultural productivity, economic hardships for local communities, and threats to human and animal populations.

Why Did Lake Urmia Shrink?

Lake Urmia has shrunk primarily due to a combination of climate change, drought, water mismanagement, and the hypersaline nature of the lake. Reduced precipitation and increased evaporation rates caused by climate change have led to decreased water inflow. Prolonged drought in the region further exacerbated the water scarcity. Human activities such as dam construction, excessive water extraction, and diversion of rivers have disrupted the natural water flow into the lake.

Lake Urmia is a true jewel in the crown of Iran’s natural wonders, beckoning travelers with its unparalleled beauty, therapeutic waters, and abundant wildlife. Whether you’re an adventure seeker, a nature enthusiast, or a cultural explorer, Urmia Lake promises an unforgettable experience that will leave an indelible mark on your heart. So, pack your bags, venture off the beaten path, and immerse yourself in the enchanting world of Lake Urmia – a journey of discovery and wonder awaits you.

Are you planning to travel to Iran and looking for an  Iran travel agency ? Check out our  Iran tours  and feel free to contact us.

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Plan Your Trip to Urmia: Best of Urmia Tourism

Explore Urmia

Watch The Wanderer

Essential urmia.

Explore each city’s unrepeatable delights and mysteries with your own eyes. Learn about the unique history and tales of you preferred city with its landscapes and sites, and much more…

• Bandar Abbas
• Bandar Anzali
• Khorramabad
• Mahmoud Abad
• Shahr-e Kord

• Restaurants
• Site To See Historical sites musuems
• Things to do Natural attractions Shopping centers
• City info Embassies Foreign ministries Hospitals Transportation

City of Water, Paris of Iran, City of Religions, Creeds and Ethnicities, Land of Vigor

The capital of West Azarbaijan Province, Urmia is a city surrounded by several mountains and borders Lake Urmia in the east, Turkey in the west, the cities of Mahabad, Naqadeh and Oshnavieh in the south and the city of Salmas in the north. Urmia has semi-arid climate and its weather becomes hot during the summer and extremely cold during the winter.

The name Urmia consists of the Assyrian words ‘Ur’ meaning ‘city’ and ‘Mia’ meaning ‘water,’ winning it the nickname ‘city of water.’ During the Pahlavi era (1925-1979), Reza Shah (1878-1944) changed the city’s name to Rezaieh but its name was changed back to Urmia after the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran.

Excavations at Tepe Hassanlou archeological site southwest of Lake Urmia have found that this area was continuously inhabited from the 6th millennium BC to the 3rd century CE. However, Urmia as a city is believed to have a 3 to 4,000-year history.

Urmia is a city where different ethnicities and religions have lived alongside one another in harmony for centuries. The city has considerable Assyrian, Kurdish, and Armenian communities.

Urmia has numerous historical and natural attractions. Some of the most notable historical attractions of the city include an 11th century Jame Mosque , the Qajar era (1785-1925) Sardar Mosque , Naneh Maryam Church or the Church of East Assyria, which was built in the year 32 CE, and the 18th century Sepurghan Church . The city has a museum where over 26 thousand ancient artifacts from the 7th millennium BC to the Qajar era are on display.

Urmia’s natural attractions include Saholan Cave , which is the country’s second largest water cave, Marmishou Lake and waterfall, and Lake Urmia. A UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, Lake Urmia was once valued for the threptic properties of its water but the lake has been rapidly disappearing in recent years.

Urmia has a new ski resort named Khoshako which is a great destination for snowboarders. 

37°33′19″N 45°04′21″E

Top things to do:

• Marmishou Lake
• Jame Mosque of Urmia
• Naneh Maryam Church

Top foods to try:

• Noql-e Bidmeshk- A chewy sugar-coated candy scented with musk willow and served with black tea.
• Soujouq (basloq) - A soft starch-based candy infused with rosewater and completely coated with shredded coconut and topped with walnuts. This candy is usually served with unsalted nuts and black tea.
• Yar-ma-shour-baseh- A thick tomato-paste based bulgur soup made with kidney beans, potato, bell pepper, onion, fried dried mint and turmeric, served with fresh lime juice. 
• Handcrafted Wooden Products
• Handwoven accessories (gloves , hats and scarves)
• Herbal distillates
• Leather products
• Relief Carving
• Erzurum, Turkey
• Trabzon, Turkey
• Varna, Bulgaria
• Takht-e Soleyman

Urmia Daily Tour

• Best Iran Tour Packages
• Daily City Tours

Urmia Treasures: A Guided Day Tour

Urmia, a city in northwestern Iran, offers a mix of cultural heritage, historical sites, and stunning natural landscapes. This itinerary offers a blend of cultural, historical, and natural explorations, making your stay in Urmia a well-rounded and memorable experience. Here’s a detailed 4-day itinerary to explore Urmia and its surroundings:

• Duration: 4 Days
• Arrival: Urmia
• Departure: Urmia
• Wheelchair Access Available
• Iranian Cuisine Experience
• Iranian SIM card
• A Local’s Tour
• Professional Guidance: Each tour in Urmia is led by a knowledgeable local guide fluent in multiple languages. This ensures that visitors not only explore the city's deep historical and cultural layers but also receive comprehensive answers in their preferred language, significantly enhancing their touring experience.
• Culinary Delights: The tour highlights unique local dining experiences that offer the best of traditional Iranian cuisine in Urmia. Guests will have the opportunity to enjoy authentic dishes that reflect the rich culinary traditions of the region, providing a deep insight into Urmia unique culinary culture.
• Comprehensive Itinerary: Our Urmia tour is meticulously crafted to include key sites such as the Urmia Bazaar, Church of Nane Maryam, and the Hasanloo archaeological site, offering a thorough and enriching exploration of the city’s cultural, historical, and natural landmarks.
• Convenient Transportation: Comfortable and reliable transportation is provided throughout the tour, ensuring timely arrivals at each landmark and a smooth, enjoyable travel experience for all participants, from the initial pick-up to the final drop-off.
• Urmia Bazaar
• Urmia Museum
• Urmia Lake Park
• Church of Nane Maryam
• Ancient village of Kandovan
• Silvaneh area
• Hasanloo archaeological site

Day 1: Discover Urmia

Morning: Start your day at the Urmia Bazaar, an excellent place to immerse yourself in local culture and pick up some unique souvenirs, like local spices or hand woven crafts.

Afternoon: Visit the Urmia Museum, which showcases archaeological finds from the region including pre-Islamic and Islamic artifacts.

Evening: Take a stroll around Urmia Lake Park, a popular spot among locals for its beautiful sunset views over what remains of Lake Urmia.

Day 2: Urmia Historical Sites

Morning: Visit the Church of Nane Maryam, the oldest church in Iran, dating back to the Sasanian period. It’s an important historical site that reflects the city’s diverse religious history.

Afternoon: Head to the Se Gonbad, a Seljuk-era tower with a unique conical dome, located near the city center.

Evening: Enjoy a relaxing dinner at one of Urmia traditional restaurants, trying local dishes such as Dizi or Kebab.

Day 3: Day Trip to Kandovan

Full Day: Take a day trip to the ancient village of Kandovan, about 130 kilometers southeast of Urmia. This unique village is famous for its homes carved out of volcanic rocks, somewhat similar to those in Cappadocia, Turkey. Explore the village, meet local artisans, and perhaps sample some of the herbal honey or handcrafted items sold by villagers.

Evening: Return to Urmia.

Day 4: Nature and Adventure

Morning: Travel to the Silvaneh area, located in the mountains east of Urmia. It’s ideal for hiking and enjoying the lush greenery during the spring and summer months or for snow sports in the winter.

Afternoon: Visit the Hasanloo archaeological site, home to the famous “Lovers’ Gold Cup” dating back to the 1st millennium BC.

Evening: Prepare for your departure from Urmia, reflecting on the memories of your travels through this diverse and historical region.

Urmia, located in northwestern Iran, is surrounded by some fascinating destinations that are perfect for day trips and excursions. Here are some recommended excursions around Urmia:

1: Lake Urmia National Park

Distance: The park surrounds Lake Urmia, just a short drive from the city.

Highlights: Once one of the largest salt lakes in the Middle East, Lake Urmia has significantly reduced in size but remains a significant ecological area. The national park offers opportunities for bird watching, especially during migration seasons, and beautiful landscapes for photography.

2: Maku Free Zone

Distance: About 220 km northwest of Urmia, near the borders with Turkey and Armenia.

Highlights: This free trade zone offers not only shopping opportunities with a range of imported goods but also stunning natural scenery. Nearby attractions include the Qareh Kelisa (Black Church), an ancient Armenian monastery listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site.

Distance: About 70 km north of Urmia.

Highlights: Visit the historical city of Salmas, which is known for its diverse cultural background and significant archaeological sites. It’s a great spot to learn more about the various ethnic groups that have influenced the area.

What plans or ideas do you have for your itinerary?

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Iran’s Tarnished Gem

Lake Urmia was once a haven for birds and bathers. Now, its piers lead nowhere. What happened?

Revered by ethnic Azeris as “the turquoise solitaire of Azerbaijan,” Lake Urmia was second only to the Caspian Sea as the largest saltwater lake in the Middle East, a haven for birds and bathers. Since the early 1970s nature and humanity have chipped away at this gem tucked in northwestern Iran, reducing its size by about 80 percent over the past 30 years. The flamingos that feasted on brine shrimp in this UNESCO biosphere reserve are mostly gone. So are the pelicans, the egrets, and the ducks. Even the tourists who flocked to Lake Urmia for therapeutic baths in its warm, hypersaline waters are staying away.

What remain are piers that lead nowhere, the rusting carcasses of ships half-buried in the silt, and white, barren landscapes of exposed salt flats. Winds that whip across the lake bed blow salt dust to farm fields, slowly rendering the soil infertile. Noxious, salt-tinged dust storms inflame the eyes, skin, and lungs of people as far away as Tabriz, a city of more than 1.5 million about 60 miles away. And in recent years Urmia’s alluring turquoise waters were stained blood-red from algae and bacteria that flourish in these waters, which are eight times as salty as the ocean, and then turn color when sunlight penetrates the shallows.

What’s happened to this cherished lake? Climate change has intensified droughts and elevated hot summer temperatures that speed up evaporation, scientists say. Yet that’s only part of the story: Engineers and water experts point out that the lake in this semiarid region is suffering from thousands of illegal wells and a proliferation of dams and irrigation projects that are diverting water from tributary rivers to grow apples, wheat, and sunflowers. The experts have called on Iran’s government to change course before Urmia “falls victim to the Aral Sea syndrome,” the overexploitation of water that doomed its sister inland sea in Central Asia.

The voice of science seems to have reached Tehran. Iranian President Hassan Rouhani has pledged to spend five billion dollars to revive Urmia by releasing more water from dams, improving the efficiency of irrigation systems, and switching to less thirsty crops. Yet some promised funding appears to have dried up too, thwarting progress and bringing petitions to Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, to renew efforts or to seek international assistance. The United Nations Development Programme is working with farmers on more sustainable practices to save water. Although U.S.-Iran relations have been strained for decades, the countries have permitted scientific exchanges to brainstorm on how to replenish the diminishing waters of Lake Urmia and Utah’s Great Salt Lake—which are close in size and configuration.

At a meeting in 2016 sponsored by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in Irvine, California, U.S. and Iranian scientists shared strikingly similar stories about how Iran and the western United States have struggled with multiyear droughts and the demands of their growing populations and agriculture. It’s easy for public officials to shy away from responsibility by blaming a changing climate or the whims of weather. University of California, Irvine, engineering professor Amir AghaKouchak, who was born and educated in Iran before immigrating to California, said both regions have suffered extensive droughts in the past. The difference comes when human demands exceed available, renewable water. “If the same drought occurs in the future,” he said, “it will have even more severe impacts.”

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Lake Urmia Biosphere Reserve of Iran inscribed in UNESCO

The name of Urmia Biosphere Reserve comes from the name of a lake located in the northwest of Iran. UNESCO has inscribed this natural attraction in its list of the Iranian biosphere reserves . According to the provincial divisions of Iran, the lake is located between West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan provinces. It is close to the city of Urmia .

Lake Urmia is the largest inland lake in Iran. The area of the lake was about 6,000 square kilometers in 1998. So it ranks the 25th in the world in terms of area. Lake Urmia Biosphere Reserve is the largest saltwater lake in the Middle East, and the 6th largest saltwater lake in the world.

Investigating the fluctuations of the water level of the lakes has become particularly important in recent years due to the importance, nature and position of these water bodies. The water in this lake is very salty. Zarineh Rood, Simineh Rood, Talkheh Rood, Gadar, Baranduz, Shahrchay, Nazlou and Zola rivers supply the water of Lake Urmia.

Historical Background of Lake Urmia Biosphere Reserve

Today, the name of this lake is Lake Urmia, extracted from the name of Urmia City, the capital of West Azerbaijan Province. In the 1930s, during the reign of Reza Shah, the name of this lake was “Rezaeieh” in Reza Shah’s honor. After the 1979 Revolution in Iran, the lake regained its former name, Lake Urmia.

In the Turkish language, this lake is called Urmu Gulu. Also in ancient Persian language, the name of this lake was Chichast meaning glowing. In the middle ages, the name of this lake was “Kabuda” (Kabdan).

We can find one of the earliest references to Lake Urmia Biosphere Reserve in an inscription of the 9th century BC (858- 824 BC). This inscription refers to two names at Lake Urmia. Also Persua (means Iranians or Persians) and Matai (or Mitani) are other names attributed to this body of water. It is not yet clear whether these names refer to the region, tribe or the link between a group of people’s names and the kings.

Lake Urmia Biosphere Reserve has been the center of The Mannaeans Kingdom. The likely territory of the Mannaeans was in Hassanloo Mound in the south of Lake Urmia. For the last five hundred years, Iranians, including Azerbaijanis and Kurdish people, have populated the areas around the lake.

Geographical and Natural Location of Lake Urmia Biosphere Reserve

Lake Urmia is one of the supersaturated salt lakes in the world. Urmia Lake Biosphere Reserve is 140 km long and 15 to 50 km wide and covers an area of 5,000 to 6,000 km2 (according to precipitation and evaporation).

The lake is located in wide low depth subduction with an average depth of 6 meters. However, its deepest point is 13 meters located in the northwest corner. Its surface is 1,300 meters above the international waters level. There are more than 102 islands in the lake that the shape and size correspond to the annual rainfall.

Among these small and large islands, Eslami Peninsula (Royal Peninsula) is the largest and it changes into an island during the years with high rainfall. The water basin area of the lake is about 50,000 km2.

Indicators of Water Basin of Urmia Lake Biosphere Reserve

Lake Urmia Biosphere Reserve is located northwest of the Iranian plateau. The water basin of Lake Urmia is 51,876 km2. That is equivalent to more than 3% of the total area of Iran. 60 rivers assuage the basin, 21 of which are permanent or seasonal, and 39 of them are periodic.

This basin is one of the valuable centers of agriculture and animal husbandry in Iran due to its plains such as Urmia, Tabriz, Azarshahr, Bukan, Bonab, Miandoab, Mahabad, Naqadeh, Salmas, Piranshahr, and Oshnavieh. The large reserve dam of Bukan has played a major role in preserving the lake so far.

The major ions present in Lake Urmia include Na+, K+, Ca2+, Li+, and Mg2+. The concentration of Na+ and Cl− in the Lake Urmia Biosphere Reserve is approximately four times more than that of the international waters. Sodium concentration in the southern part of the lake is slightly higher than in its northern part.

Flora of Lake Urmia Biosphere Reserve

Flora of Lake Urmia ecosystem has two special vegetation types:

• The saltmarsh cover around the lake including a large area of the ecosystem of this biosphere reserve.
• The vegetation of the islands mainly found in Kabudan, Ask, Espir, Arezoo, and Eslami islands. There are 177 plant species and 174 island species identified around the lake. The largest plant family around the lake in this biosphere reserve belongs to Ateraceae family of 33 species, grasses family of 21 species. The largest genus belongs to Euphorbia and the wild fenugreek.

Among the plant families of Urmia Lake biosphere reserve, there are 12 families special and endemic of Iran.

The diversity of tree and shrub species in Ashk Island is denser than the lands around the lake. However, the weeds and salt-tolerant plants (halophytes) are denser around the lake than islands due to the large extent of saline soils.

Fauna of Lake Urmia Biosphere Reserve

Lake Urmia Biosphere Reserve is the habitat of 62 species of bacteria, 42 species of microscopic fungi, 20 species of algae, 311 species of plants, 5 species of bivalve mollusks (in the rivers of islands), 226 species of birds, 27 species of reptiles and amphibians, and 24 species of mammals.

There are also at least 47 species of fossils found in this area. With more than a hundred small rocky islands, the lake is home to migratory birds, including flamingos, pelicans, spoonbills, ibises, storks, shelducks, avocets, stilts, and Laridae.

Due to the excessive salinity of the lake, no fish live there. However, Lake Urmia is one of the major habitats of Artemia, a genus of aquatic crustaceans. This crustacean is one of the main sources of feeding migratory birds, including flamingos.

Economic Value of Lake Urmia Biosphere Reserve

Exploration studies for salt extraction from Lake Urmia have shown that the total solid sedimentation of the lake reaches more than 5 billion tons. According to estimation, Potassium is about 27 million tons of K2O and about 60 million tons of potassium sulfate, magnesium is about 240 million, bromide is about 28 tons, and lithium is about 250 tons.

Therefore, after processing studies, it is possible to extract the salts of Lake Urmia by constructing solar evaporation ponds and processing plants.

Causes of Drying Up of Lake Urmia Biosphere Reserve

The lake has begun to dry up since 2006. Satellite imagery shows that the lake has lost about 88 percent of its area in 2015. There are many reasons for drying up of Lake Urmia:

• Drought, highway construction on the lake, and excessive use of the water basin of the lake as well as low snowfall and rainfall in recent years

Dangers of Drying Up of Lake Urmia Biosphere Reserve

Some environmental experts predict that if the lake dries up, the temperate of the regional climate will change to a tropical climate with salt winds. The environment of the region will also change.

In addition to salt, many contaminants, including heavy toxic metals used in industry and toxic substances used in agriculture, have infiltrated into surface and subsurface waters associated with the lake. If the lake dries up, many of the aerobic toxins will pose the risks to the biomass and the local people.

The danger of drying up Lake Urmia threatens the lake up to its 500 km radius. Experts estimate that if the lake dries up, salt precipitation is expected in many neighboring provinces, leading to the displacement of 13 million people.

Repeated rainfalls restored Lake Urmia in 2019 and increased more than 90 cm in its height level.

Rescue Plans of Lake Urmia Biosphere Reserve

One of the plans to save Lake Urmia from drying up was the transfer of water from other water basins, including the Aras River. The water transfer of this river could have contributed to the filling of Lake Urmia.

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Exploring the Effects of Urmia Lake’s Variability on Adjacent Cities and Villages

• Research Article
• Published: 07 June 2024

Cite this article

• Firouz Jafari 1 ,
• Vahid Isazade   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6348-4028 2 ,
• Abdul Baser Qasimi   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9180-831X 3 ,
• Shuisen Chen 4 , 5 &
• Shiva Sattarzadeh   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9216-9326 1  

Environmental crises in Iran, including lack of rainfall and drying rivers, wetlands, and lakes, have caused natural and human hazards and vulnerabilities. Meanwhile, the drying of Urmia Lake as a national crisis can significantly create natural and human problems and risks. In this paper, based on annual Landsat satellite images and long-term changes in land cover using the output of the GEE system, we investigate shifts in the water level of Lake Urmia. The effects of its drying on the trend of population changes in surrounding settlements (cities and villages) from 1986 to 2021 indicate that Urmia Lake’s water level is expected to be 1271.39 m in 2021. The lake’s salt area has increased by 465 Km 2 due to its drying trend from 1986 to 2021. The water level estimate for the lake in November 1986 was 1275 m, indicating a 3.7-meter drop in Urmia Lake’s water level. Indeed, from 1995 to 2021, the lake lost approximately 48% of its area and 89% of its volume. It was observed that water reduction has a negative effect on the level of Urmia Lake. Modis imagery -using the Linear Fit algorithm- shows an unbalanced relationship in lake water use between 1986 and 2021. The trend of the water area decreasing in Urmia Lake caused five centers of salt dust in the lake. The dust from the five centers significantly impacted the surrounding settlements (cities and villages). Most of the towns in a county like Tabriz (-3.3%), Azarshahr (-0.7%), and Malekan (-0.6%) have negative population growth instead, in urban areas like Urmia (4.3%), Osku (7%), and Azarshahr (3.4%). Increasing in the population happened. Thus, drying lakes and dust and salt centers have a terrible effect on more than 7 million people in villages and cities and intensified migration from 1986 to 2021.

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Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

Firouz Jafari & Shiva Sattarzadeh

Department of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

Vahid Isazade

Department of Geography, Faculty of Education, Samangan University, Aybak, Samangan, Afghanistan

Abdul Baser Qasimi

Key Lab of Guangdong for Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangzhou, China

Shuisen Chen

Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Research Center of Guangdong for Engineering Technology Application of Remote Sensing Big Data, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China

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Firouz Jafari led the conceptualization and design, with a focus on the analysis of Landsat images. While Abdul Baser Qasimi interpreted impacts on population changes. Vahid Isazade contributed significantly to data processing and analysis, Shuisen Chen employed Modis imagery for water use analysis, and Shiva Sattarzadeh coordinated efforts, ensuring a cohesive synthesis of findings.

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Jafari, F., Isazade, V., Qasimi, A.B. et al. Exploring the Effects of Urmia Lake’s Variability on Adjacent Cities and Villages. J Indian Soc Remote Sens (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-024-01886-2

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-024-01886-2

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