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Tourism : principles and practice

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Types and Forms of Tourism

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The Tourism is very important for generating revenue for the country . The Tourism is also one of the best stress buster for human beings and those who like to take the advantage of various tourist spots in and around country . this paper highlights all the types of tourism with respect to its brief concept to find out the need and growth for such tourism . The Researcher has taken the Pilgrims tourism for detail study and the findings and crucial information will be reported to concerned authorities . he main intention is to make aware the readers to the tourism and its type .

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Tourism destinations know as many forms of tourism as there are, many syntagms related to tourism-tourist destinations, impact on tourism, sustainable tourism, cultural tourism, suggest the use of geographic methods in tourism analysis. Tourists are attracted by one or more characteristic features of the tourist destination, natural and built attractions, accommodation, climate, cost of visitation and living standards, local culture, events and entertainment, facilities for business development, transport and communications links. For these reasons, tourism can be classified according to the type of destination visited, and from a geographic point of view, the most important distinction is between international tourism and domestic tourism.

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Les classifications existantes des formes de tourisme prennent en consideration la motivation en tant qu'aspect final de la decision de voyager, c'est-à-dire motivation comme but du déplacement, synonime des activités entreprises à la destination. Cette étude met en place un raisonnement sur l'aspect initial, preemptif, prédécisionnel de la motivation. Dans le même cadre, le niveau de l'accessibilité joue un rôle dans la décision de se déplacer ou choisir une certaine destination. Les résultats synthétiques mettent en évidence une influence différente de l'accessibilité dans le proces decisionnel en fonction de la typologie des formes de tourisme des destinations.

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In theoretical studies on the typology of tourists, various criteria for their identification can be found. A drawback of this approach is the lack of one common concept of tourist division, which would allow for comparing research results at various academic and marketing centers. There is a definition problem of tourism and the tourist themselves, the concepts often differing from each other, thus, there is no common ground on which the theories of the separation and division of tourists can be built. In the presented publication, a review of selected, varying tourist types have been conducted. Typologies of tourists are based on various criteria, ranging from sociological and psychological to demographic, geographic, economic, marketing and others often having an interdisciplinary basis. First of all, attempts were made to show the diversity of typological concepts presented in the world. They are used in scientific research but only refer to a small group of respondents and it i...

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The participation of geography in the study and understanding of tourism as an economic activity is remarkable. The development of tourism and its branches is almost unimaginable without the knowledge of geographic parameters and determinants which, among other things, define its taxonomy. Identification of any tourist movements are named by the predominant geographic elements. For example, from the group of relief elements are defined different tourist branches such as: mountain, speleology, mountain climbing and other tourism. In addition, relief affects indirectly on the development of other tourist branches such as, for example, the winter or summer form of tourism. The other geographic sciences have an irreplaceable basis in tourism taxonomy. It is impossible to imagine the development of winter tourism without snowfalls, which are the subject of meteorology and climatology, and again, they are from the geographic science system. The same applies to the development of summer tourism, which is closely linked with the waters of the sea and the land, which are the subject of oceanology and land hydrology; also from the system of geographic sciences. All these and other sciences together form a network system for determination of tourism taxonomy.

Laszlo Arva

Arva L. (2010): New Types of Tourism. In TSMconf. Debrecen. ISBN 978 963 473 378 2. 27-28th May 2010.

Tourism Studies and Social Sciences

The book " Tourism Studies and Social Sciences" covers the thematic studies and includes a wide range of information, results of own studies of the authors in the social sciences. It is presented in 6 sections and 40 chapters, which can be divided into the following main areas

2rd International Conference of development and economy (ICODECON) 2016, Thessaloniki Greece

Kostas Karamanis

Between the 1970s and early 1980s new forms of tourism emerged in developing countries as an alternative solution to the " undesired " type of tourism " the mass tourism " or " the conventional/commercial tourism " or " the traditional tourism ". These forms of tourism appearing in different names and various models, served a more sensitive approach giving priority to natural and cultural resources at the front line of planning and development. The purpose of this paper is to describe the theoretical background of alternative tourism in which origins and main definitions are presented followed by an analysis of the complexity of classifying the alternative forms of tourism. Three of the many forms, seemed to be the core of alternative tourism, are distinguished and analyzed. The ecotourism, the cultural tourism and the creative tourism. Ecotourism in recent years, encloses many tourist forms focused on natural environment. Although these forms are closely related to ecotourism need to be distinguished from it as ecotourism presents many dimensions. In the concept of alternative tourism, the dynamic growth of cultural tourism can be explained by the fast growth of demand for trips to various cultural attractions and amenities. A rise in interest of tourists both to distant cultures and to the local heritage occurred through the increase of educated people around the world and the globalization. Moreover, technology supported this growth. The cultural tourist, from consumer is transforming to producer of the cultural products and experiences. As culture tourist become more interactive and creative, the cultural tourism need to be repositioned and to become more " creative ". In " creative tourism " there is a co-creation of creative experiences between visitors and hosts, usually expressed through the creation of networks, itineraries, courses and events. Finally, the paper ends with a brief mention on the current trends in alternative tourism and the concluding remarks. 1. Origins and main Definitions of Alternative Forms of Tourism Although tourism has been acknowledged for its tremendous economic and social benefits, being an economic saviour providing jobs and increase in GDP, it has been accused as a source of a wide range of serious problems, especially in developing economies. For example the fact that it creates huge economic leakage as the most investment of tourism is coming from western multinational companies (MNEs) in which the income from tourism sector would flow back (Smith, 1989). Macleod (2004) supports that tourism change the composition of the working population from traditional industries of agriculture to service-based tourism and hospitality industries disturbing the community and its cultural identity. Four main influential phenomena led to the need of a different approach in tourism, these are: 1) economic issues like the fact that economic growth did not solve the poverty problem, 2) environmental issues referring to mass tourism influence on the environment, 3) political issues reflecting the political economy of the international tourism industry which turned to be a natural continuation of historical inequalities between the First World and the Third World, and 4) social issues including the new traveler market of post-modern culture. Thus, the " new " form of tourism aroused and many people accepted it instinctively even though they could not precisely defined it. Still, today is surprising that no universally agreed or widely adopted definition of alternative tourism is to be found, nor that few explicit lines between its different forms have been made. This different approach would have fewer and less severe negative effects on destination areas and their populations, and would still enjoy the positive economic effects, so as to appear as the optimal solution. This new " form " of tourism emerged as an alternative solution to the most undesired type of tourism " the mass tourism " or " the conventional/commercial tourism " or " the traditional tourism ". It is alternative to large numbers of visitors, to clumsy and unregulated development, to

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A Book Review: Tourism Research Frontiers: beyond the boundaries of Knowledge * In only eight chapters and 165 pages, this book discusses the needs of introducing new themes of investigation in the specialized literature of tourism research. Likely, this globalized world looks pretty different from a couple of decades back, when the discipline was founded. New times, new horizons and new challenges need new thinking. As a part of prestigious Emerald Series, Chambers and Rakic present an edited book, oriented to expand the epistemological boundaries of tourism research, imagining not only new themes and issues to explore but new problems. Based on the legacy of Jafar Jafari, the editors worked hard to compile different voices, dotted of different arguments, into a shared viewpoint. In the first chapter, the editors introduce the concept of frontiers as the fringe between the known and unknown. The fieldwork suggests that we shed light on some issues while others remain unchecked. The legitimacy of academic disciplines rests on their explanatory capacity. These borders, far from being stable, are in continuous renegotiation. Though tourism-research has been consolidated as a promising academic option for graduate and postgraduate students, a radical turn undermines the dominant understanding of tourism as it has been formulated by the founding parents. Most certainly, beyond tourism, critical scholars unveiled a commoditized discourse where the " Other " is subordinated to a ruling class of developed countries. As something else than a peace-making industry, tourism covers racialized allegories which lead to control of the periphery. This paradigm sees in tourism an alienatory mechanism of surveillance. Nonetheless, this book proposes an alternative way. Instead of proclaiming the dismantling of epistemological borders of tourism, the editors suggest a shift offering a fertile ground to shore up new paradigms. Through the second chapter, Gyimothy et al, discuss the ebbs and flows of popculture tourism which represents an extension of cultural behaviour in a globalized and multiculturalist universe. In chapter 3, Mondoca presents a study case based on the relationships of stakeholders in Ilha do Grande, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Those communities

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Eco Tourism – Definitions, Types, History, Characteristics, and Functions

Around the world, ecotourism has been hailed as a panacea: a way to fund conservation and scientific research, protect fragile and pristine ecosystems, benefit rural communities, promote development in poor countries, enhance ecological and cultural sensitivity, instill environmental awareness and social conscience in the travel industry, satisfy and educate the discriminating tourist, and, some claim, build world peace.

Ecotourism is a form of tourism that attempts to minimize its impact upon the environment, is ecologically sound, and avoids the negative impacts of many large-scale tourism developments undertaken in the areas which have not previously been developed.

History of Eco Tourism

The origins of the term ‘ ecotourism ‘ are not entirely clear, one of the first to use it appears to have been Hetzer(1965), who identified four ‘ pillars ‘ or principles of responsible tourism: minimizing environmental impacts, respecting host cultures, maximizing the benefits to local people, and maximizing tourist satisfaction. The first of these was held to be the most distinguishing characteristic of ecological tourism.

Other early references to ecotourism are found in Miller’s (1978) work on national park planning for ecodevelopment in Latin America, and documentation produced by Environment Canada in relation to a set of road-based ‘ecotours’ they developed from the mid-1979s through to the early 1980s.

Ecotourism developed ‘within the womb’ of the environmental movement in the 1970s and 1980s . Growing environmental concern coupled with an emerging dissatisfaction with mass tourism led to increased demand for nature-based experiences of an alternative nature.

At the same time, less developed countries began to realize that nature-based tourism offers a means of earning foreign exchange and providing a less destructive use of resources than alternatives such as logging and agriculture.

By the mid-1980s, a number of such countries had identified ecotourism as a means of achieving both conservation and development goals. The first formal definition of ecotourism is generally credited to Ceballos Lascurain in 1987.

Definitions of Eco Tourism

According to Ceballos-Lascurain, ecotourism is the , ” traveling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the specific objective of studying, admiring, and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural manifestation (both past and present) found in these areas.”

Ecotourism Society defines ecotourism as, ” responsible travel to natural areas which conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people.”

According to the Ecotourism Association of Australia , ” ecotourism is nature-based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to be ecologically sustainable.”

This definition recognizes that ‘natural environment’ includes cultural components and that ‘ecologically sustainable’ involves an appropriate return to the local community and long-term conservation of the resource.

According to Tickell , ecotourism is “travel to enjoy the world’s amazing diversity of natural life and human culture without causing damage to either”.

Ecotourism is ecologically sustainable tourism that fosters environmental and cultural understanding, appreciation and conservation.

Types of Ecotourism

Fennell considers that ecotourism exits within the broader classification of tourism types which, at an initial level, can be divided into the following types:

Mass Tourism
Alternative Tourism

Mass tourism we saw as the more traditional form of tourism development where short-term, free-market principles dominate and the maximization of income is paramount. The development of the tourism industry was originally seen as a desirable and relatively ‘clean’ industry for nations and regions to pursue. This was particularly true in terms of benefits in foreign exchange earnings, employment and infrastructural development such as transport networks.

These days we are more prone to vilify or characterize conventional mass tourism as a beast; a monstrosity which has few redeeming qualities for the destination region, their people and their natural resource base.

This is not to deny that ‘ mass tourism ‘ has caused problems, because it has. There has, quite justifiably, been a need to identify an alternative approach to tourism development that lessens the negative consequences of the mass tourism approach.

Thus the ‘ alternative tourism ‘ perspective has become a popular paradigm. This alternative approach has been described as a ‘competing paradigm’ to mass tourism, but it can also be viewed as a complementary approach to tourism. That is, it is not possible to have ‘alternative tourism’ to.

So, the discussion returns to a semantic debate, perhaps it is best to accept that alternative tourism is a natural outcome of the maturing understanding of tourism development and its strengths and weakness. Fennell states that :

Alternative tourism is a generic term that encompasses a whole range of tourism strategies (e.g. appropriate, eco, soft, responsible, people to people, and green tourism) all of which purport to offer a more benign alternative to conventional mass tourism in certain types of destinations.

However, Weaver quite rightly points out that there are also many criticisms of alternative tourism. It is clear that just because alternative tourism has developed as a reaction to the negative consequences of mass tourism it is not necessarily less harmful or better than its alternatives.

Nature of Ecotourism

Tourism activity is expected to grow by 4.3% per annum in real terms between 2008 and 2017. Ecotourism or nature-based tourism has become the fastest growing sector of the tourism industry growing 3 times faster than the industry as a whole.

There can be no doubting of the increasing trends in environmental concern allied with the historically prevalent trend of travel as for, of escape to nature, driven by the pressures of urban living encourage people to seek solitude with nature, therefore, increasing the numbers of visitors to national parks and other protected areas.

There are a number of dimensions to nature-based tourism. All forms of travel to natural areas are not necessarily ecotourism, but this provides a useful step in differentiating nature-based tourism from ecotourism and gives us a number of levels at which to distinguish the relationship between specific tourism activities and nature:

Those activities or experiences that are dependent on nature.
Those activities or experiences that are enhanced by nature.
Those activities or experiences for which the natural setting is incidental.

There are several classes of nature-based tourism, each utilizing a combination of these dimensions. Bird watching, for example, can provide a pleasant and relaxing holiday based around a general interest in nature and the environment. So that without the natural environment it would be difficult to carry out the activity.

Similarly, camping is an activity/experience which often enhanced by nature. Most people would prefer to camp in some type of natural setting rather than on the side of a busy road. Therefore, nature is an integral part of these experiences but not the fundamental motivation for them.

Principles and Guidelines of Ecotourism

Ecotourism attracts people who wish to interact with the environment and, in varying degrees, develop their knowledge, awareness, and appreciation of it. The Ecotourism Society gives the principles and guidelines of ecotourism. These are following as:

Prepare travelers to minimize their negative impact while visiting sensitive environments and cultures before departure.
Prepare traveler for each encounter with local cultures and with native animals and plants.
Minimize visitors impacts on the on the environment by offering literature, briefing, leading by example, and taking corrective actions.
Minimize traveler impact on cultures by offering literature, briefings, leading by example, and taking corrective actions.
Use adequate leadership, and maintain small enough groups to ensure minimum group impact on destination. Avoid areas that are under-managed and over-visited.
Ensure managers, staff and contract employees know and participate in all aspects of company policy to prevent impacts on the environment and local cultures.
Give managers, staff and contact employees access to programmes that will upgrade their ability to communicate with and manage clients in sensitive natural and cultural settings.
Be a contributor to the conservation of the region being visited.
Provide competitive, local employment in all aspect of business operation.
Offer site-sensitive accommodations that are not wasteful of local resources or destructive to the environment, which provide ample opportunity for learning about the environment and sensitive interchange with local communities.
Focuses on personally experiencing natural areas in ways that led to greater understanding and appreciation.

Characteristics of Eco-Tourism

Ecotourism is travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas that strives to be low impact and (often) small scale. It helps educate the traveler, provides funds for conservation, directly benefits the economic development and political empowerment of local communities, and fosters respect for different cultures and for human rights.

Some important characteristics of ecotourism are following as:

1) Involves travel to the natural destination . These destinations are often remote areas, whether inhabited or uninhabited, and are usually under some kind of environmental protection at the national, international, communal, or private travel.

2) Minimize impact . Tourism causes damage. Ecotourism strives to minimize the adverse effects of hotels, trails, and other infrastructure by using either recycled or plentifully available local building material, renewable sources of energy, recycling and safe disposal of waste and garbage, and environmentally and culturally sensitive architectural design.

3) Builds environmental awareness . Ecotourism means education, for both tourist and residents of nearby communities. Well before the tour begins, tour operators should supply travelers with reading material about the country, environment, and local people, as well as a code of conduct for both the traveler and the industry itself. Ecotourism projects should also help educate members of surrounding communities, schoolchildren, and the broader public in the host country.

4) Provides direct financial benefits for conservation . Ecotourism helps raise funds for environmental protection, research, and education through a variety of mechanisms, including park entrance fees; tour company, hotel, airline, and airport taxes. And voluntary contributions.

5) Provides financial benefits and empowerment for local people . Ecotourism holds that national parks and other conservation areas will survive only if, there are happy people around the perimeters. The local community must be involved with and receive income and other tangible benefits (potable water, roads, health clinics, etc.) from the conservation area and its tourist facilities.

6) Respects local culture . Ecotourism is not only “greener” but also less culturally intrusive and exploitative than conventional tourism. Whereas prostitution, black markets, and drug often are byproducts of mass tourism, ecotourism strives to be culturally respectful and the human population of a host country.

7) Supports human rights and democratic movements . The United Nations-sponsored World Tourism Organization proclaims that tourism contributes to “international understanding, peace, prosperity, and universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all.

Such sentiments, however, are little reflected in conventional mass tourism. In this way, ecotourism supports humans rights and, to establish international peace.

Functions of Ecotourism

Eco-tourism is nature-based, environmentally educated and sustainably managed. Ross and Wall (1999) outline the five fundamental functions of ecotourism namely:

1. Protection of natural areas 2. Education 3. Generation of money 4. Quality tourism 5. Local participation

Economic Effects of Ecotourism

The job generated by ecotourism provide an important reason for interest in and support for, the phenomenon. These jobs often occur in areas relatively untouched by traditional development efforts and represent tangible economic benefits from natural areas.

Several studies have assessed the local employment benefits of ecotourism; not surprisingly, the level of benefits varies widely as a result of differences in the quality of attraction, access and other factors.

Some important economic effects of ecotourism are following as:

Fiscal Impacts (taxes, fees, expenditures)

Ecotourism not only generates government revenue through business and other general taxes but also through industry-specific channels, such as payment of occupancy and departure taxes.

Reduced access to the resource

Tourism utilizes various resources as inputs into the products and services provided to visitors. In the case of ecotourism, one of these products is nature in a partially or totally preserved state.

Preservation of natural areas often involves reduced local access to resources, such as wood or medicinal plants. In so far as tourism is a partial or sole rationale for preserving an area, it also causes reduced access to resources.

Many destinations have experienced increased price for goods, services, and land due to tourism development, and this is a cost borne by residents of the area who purchase these items.

Effects of the income distribution

In some cases, tourism development exacerbates existing income inequalities within destination communities, while in others it generates new financial elites.

Revenue sharing

At some ecotourism destinations, residents benefit from revenue-sharing programmes that either provide cash payments or, more commonly, funding for community projects such as well or schools.

Environmental Effects of Ecotourism

The impacts of ecotourism depend on what ecotourism is. The critical issue is that ecotourism should involve deliberates steps to minimize impacts, through the choice of activities, equipment, location and timing, group size, education and training, and operational environmental management.

There is now quite an extensive literature on impacts such as trampling, which is easy to quantify experimentally. However, very little is known about impacts such as noise disturbance, soil and water-borne pathogens, and interference with plant and animal population dynamics and genetics, which are likely to have far greater ecological significance.

Some important environmental effects of ecotourism are following as:

Crushing or clearance of vegetation.
Soil modification.
Introduction of weeds and pathogens.
Water pollution from human waste.
Air pollution from generator exhausts, noise from machinery, vehicles, and voices.
Visual impacts.
Disturbance to wildlife through all of the above, and through food scraps and litter, etc.

A new group of tourism clients has emerged who are demanding different activities, experiences and approaches to tourism from the industry: ‘ these are the ecotourists – people who require environmentally compatible recreational opportunities, where nature rather than humanity predominates ‘.

They are shrugging off the shackles of traditional tourism in search of knowledge and experience. Their interest is not in lounging by hotels pools or hectic sightseeing schedules. They are interested in visiting wilderness, national parks, and tropical forests, and in viewing birds, mammals, trees and wildflowers.

They want to experience new lifestyles and meet people with similar interests to themselves and they want to see their traveling dollars contributing toward conservation and benefiting the local economy.

Ecotourists can be generally characterized as having higher than average incomes, largely holding tertiary qualifications and there tend to be more female ecotourists than men.

According to the International Ecotourism Society, ecotourists are experienced travelers who are more likely to have a college/university degree and have a higher income bracket .

Ecotourists are expecting discovery and enlightenment from their ecotourism experience. Personal growth in emotional, spiritual, as well as intellectual terms, appear to be expected outcomes from ecotourism travel for the majority of these travelers.

Ecotourism Organizations

Ecotourism organizations are the administrative or functional structures that are concerned with ecotourism. Ecotourism organizations help into to minimize the negative impacts and maximize the positive impacts of ecotourism. These organizations can be sorted into three categories:

Membership non-government organizations (NGOs)
Public sector or governmental agencies
Non-membership organizations (NGOs)

Ecotourism organizations, found throughout the world, play important roles ranging from grass-roots advocacy to international policymaking.

International Organizations

In the international arena, many different organizations address ecotourism related issues. World Tourism Organization (WTO) plays an important role in the development of ecotourism. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) is another international governmental organization that deals with ecotourism, through its international development assistance programme.

WTO and UNDP are just two examples of how international governmental ecotourism related organizations can play a role in making ecotourism a tool for sustainable development. At the international level NGOs also play a role.

Tourism Concern, a UK based NGO dedicated to ensuring tourism is just and sustainable form of business has worked for many years to make tourism more sustainable.

The US-based TES is dedicated solely to ensuring that ecotourism is a viable tool for biodiversity conservation and community development.

National Organizations

Government plays an important role in the national arena. Government related ecotourism organization active at this level generally come from areas: parks management agencies, universities, tourism ministries, and environment or natural resource ministries.

For example, in Kenya, much of the government related ecotourism activities at the national level is performed by the Kenya Wildlife Services (KYS), a quasi-governmental organization whose mandate is the management of wildlife in the country.

Every country has their national organizations for conservation and preservation of natural resources and ecotourism.

Sub-national Organizations

Below the national level is found regional, state and local areas for action. Ecotourism organizations play a role at each of these levels. Queensland Tourism and Tourism Saskatchewan are two examples of state-level public sector ecotourism organizations.

In Australia, Queensland Tourism’s environment division publishes a quarterly newsletter titled EcoTrends informing industry, NGOs, universities and the public sector about ecotourism- related events, accreditation recipients, department research and policy.

TOURISM GRADE 12 NOTES - ECONOMICS STUDY GUIDES

Key concepts
Definition of tourism
The purposes (types) of tourism
Measuring tourism
Reasons for growth
The effects of tourism
The benefits of tourism
A South African tourism profile
Tourism policy suggestions

Tourism is travel for the purpose of leisure, recreation or business. Local tourists travel to different places in their own country. Inbound tourists come to South Africa from other countries. South African tourists who travel overseas are known as outbound tourists. South Africa is a popular tourist destination because of its beauty, wildlife, good weather and its interesting political history.

13.1 Key concepts

These definitions will help you understand the meaning of key Economics concepts that are used in this study guide. Understand these concepts well. Use mobile notes to help you remember them.

Use mobile notes to help you learn these key concepts. Learn more about mobile notes on page xiv in the introduction.

13.2 Definition of tourism

Tourists travel to foreign countries for holidays, business, conferences and to discover more about other countries. Tourism allows people to experience the world. Tourism can be defined as activities of people travelling to places outside their usual environment for less than one year for business, leisure or other purposes without any remuneration. An activity is seen as tourism if it fits in with the following criteria:

There is a purpose for the visit or activity.
There is no remuneration (money) earned in the place visited.
A minimum length of stay is one night.
A maximum length of stay is one year.
There is a travelling distance of more than 160 km from the tourist’s home environment.

13.3 The purposes (types) of tourism

Leisure and recreation: Tourists come to South Africa on holiday, to play sport, to visit friends, and to see the tourist attractions
Cultural tourism: Tourists come to visit museums and art galleries, e.g. Robben Island and the Apartheid Museum.
Ecotourism: Tourists visit undisturbed natural areas, e.g. the Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape, the Cape Floral Region Protected Areas and the Kruger National Park.
Business and professional: Tourists visit for business meetings and conferences.
Other: For studies, or medical reasons.

13.4 Measuring tourism

Tourism consists of different activities that should comply with the following:

There should be a purpose for the visit e.g. camping, business or studies.
No remuneration should be earned at the tourist destination.
A minimum length of stay should be one night.
The maximum length of stay should not exceed one year.
The travelling distance should exceed 160 km from a person’s residence.

13.5 Reasons for growth

The rapid growth in the tourism industry has resulted in a steady change in the standard of living as well as people’s lifestyles. Tourism is much more evident in the developed than developing countries, although tourism is increasing faster in the developing countries. Local tourism is booming since South Africa is becoming more attractive as tourist destination. Reasons for the growth of the tourism industry are:

Increased disposable income.
Less working hours so more time to travel.
An awareness of leisure and recreation.
Improved transport, communication and accommodation facilities.
Increased advertising and promotion.
Enjoying the benefits of holidays and travel.
Easily obtainable foreign exchange.
International: tourism is much more evident in the developed than developing world, but tourism is growing faster in developing countries, e.g. 4.6% growth from 2010 to 2011.
Foreign arrivals: foreign tourists who visit the country as their destination.
Those who are stopping over, are called transit tourists or sameday travellers.
Foreign tourists: come for the experience – visit friends, game farms, enjoy the different cultures, heritage spots or sports activities and events.
Domestic tourism: South Africans are free to travel locally (domestic tourists) or abroad (outbound tourists). Outbound tourists have the same effect on the Balance of Payments as imports.

13.6 The effects of tourism

Tourism has a significant effect on the economy and the country as a whole. The following 6 areas are greatly affected by tourism: 13.6.1 Employment

Tourism employs 7% of South Africa’s workforce (approximately 1,12 million people).
Tourism is the largest provider of jobs because it:
Is labour intensive.
Employs many different kinds of skills, e.g. tourist guides, hotel staff.
Provides immediate employment.
Provides entrepreneurial opportunities.
Tourism is the largest earner of foreign exchange because:
Foreign tourists pay for services in foreign exchange.
Foreign tourists usually spend more than local tourists.

Use the acronym PIGEEE to help you remember the 6 effects of tourism: P – Poverty I – Infrastructure G – GDP E – Employment E – Environment E – Externalities

13.6.2 Gross domestic product (GDP)

Tourism has the biggest impact on the services industry.
Indirect contribution: Tourism is a service-based industry. It is responsible for 65% of the GDP in developed economies and 40% of the GDP in developing countries.
Direct contribution: Tourism contributes 7,9 % of GDP in South Africa (compared to 12% worldwide).

13.6.3 Poverty Poverty is most evident in rural areas due to a lack of job opportunities. Tourism can alleviate (ease) poverty in the following ways:

Tourism is a fast and effective mechanism for distributing resources to rural areas to develop them as tourist sites.
Many prime tourist attractions are located in rural areas.
Tourist developments in rural areas increase the number of available jobs in areas where there aren’t many jobs.
Tourism promotes a balanced and sustainable form of development. People are able to earn a living in their home areas, resulting in a reduction in urbanisation and a more balanced population distribution.

13.6.4 Externalities Externalities are costs and benefits that result from a specific activity. Tourism results in both: Positive externalities:

Tourism attracts large amounts of revenue.
Tourism leads to an improvement in infrastructure development.
Tourism can stimulate employment indirectly.
Tourism can help conserve cultural and natural assets and alleviate poverty, but needs to be carefully planned.

Negative externalities:

Tourism can cause environmental damage if not managed correctly.
Tourism can result in a lot of waste and damage to sensitive tourist sites.
The infrastructure at tourist sites can come under pressure to cater for increased tourist numbers.
Tourism can lead to increased prices for locals.

13.6.5 The environment Tourism can create environmental stress. It can result in:

Permanent restructuring of the landscape, e.g. construction work on highways.
Additional waste products, e.g. biological (sewage) and non-biological (litter) waste.
Direct environmental stress, e.g. the loss of wildlife species due to safari hunting.
Effects on population dynamics, e.g. migration and changes in population density in response to the needs of tourist sites.

13.6.6 Investment Tourist destinations require adequate physical (hotel rooms), economic (ATMs) and basic (water and electricity) services infrastructure. This includes:

13.7 The benefits of tourism

South Africa benefits from tourism through the growth in the gross domestic product (GDP), employment and infrastructure development. An additional benefit is that spending by foreign tourists results in an increase in foreign exchange earnings, which has a similar impact on the GDP to an increase in exports. 13.7.1 Households Tourism benefits a household’s prosperity (wealth) in three ways:

More people earn salaries and wages because of additional job opportunities.
Infrastructure built for tourists is available both for tourists and local people’s use.
Skills: A variety of skills is required in the tourism industry.

13.7.2 Businesses Tourism has many benefits for the business sector:

The economic and basic services infrastructure required for tourism is provided by the public sector.
Tourism needs superstructure, which consists of businesses that provide accommodation, transport, built attractions, retailing and recreation services.
Superstructure is normally supplied by the private sector, and the building and running of the superstructure make profits.
Public and private sector partnerships (PPPs) are used to develop tourist destinations.
Employment opportunities in entertainment, laundry and transportation.
Business opportunities in car rental, arts, craft and curio sales.

13.7.3 Government The main benefit to government is in the levying (charging) of taxes. This has two purposes:

To recover external costs: To compensate the host community for providing infrastructure.
To raise revenue: Tourists are seen as part of the overall tax base (e.g. airport departure taxes and hotel tourism levies increase the amount of taxes collected).

Use this mnemonic to help you remember the 4 benefits of tourism: H – Households – HOT B – Businesses – BEACHES I – Infrastructure – IN G – Government – GEORGE

13.7.4 Infrastructure development South Africa benefits from tourism because all infrastructure built to support tourism becomes an asset to the country. As a result:

Residents and visitors enjoy adequate and well-maintained physical and basic services infrastructure.
The Department of Transport prioritises economic infrastructure. Spatial Development Initiatives and economic corridors focus on tourism, and public and private sector partnerships (PPPs) are used for the development of infrastructure.
Tourists require social infrastructure – ambulances, medical clinics, police protection services and information services – that becomes a national asset.

13.8 A South African tourism profile

Aim with visits: most foreign tourists visit South Africa for vacation (94.3%) and business (2%). The major attractions are the coast, wildlife and scenery.
Local destinations: Destinations link all aspects of tourism – demand, supply, transport, accommodation and marketing. The success of tourism is determined by the variety of destinations as well as the geographical distribution of tourist destinations.
Local tourists: There has been a steady growth in the number of South Africans travelling domestically.
Tourists want to understand the indigenous (local) culture, history and environment.
Tourists seek authentic (genuine) and unique destinations. They want to see how local people live and work.
The Khoi San are among the world’s oldest people, and their way of life is of interest to many foreign tourists.

World heritage sites:

Mapungubwe (Limpopo)
Vredefort Dome (Free State and North West)
Sterkfontein caves
Robben Island
Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape

Environmental World Heritage Sites:

iSimangiliso Wetland Park (ecosystems)
Cape Fynbos Region
uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park

13.9 Tourism policy suggestions

The Department of Tourism leads and directs tourism policy. The starting point for policy on tourism is the White Paper on Tourism. Tourism policy is also supported and directed by the Tourism Forum, which is an advisory body to the Minister of Tourism. Some tourism policy initiatives include the following:

This is an easy topic. Memorise at least 4 facts under each heading.

13.9.1 Marketing SA Tourism was created to promote tourism internationally and nationally:

Nationally: SA Tourism persuades South African citizens to travel in their own country.
Value for money
The world in one country
South Africa’s political miracle
The climate
The friendliness of South Africa’s people
The cleanliness and tranquility (peace) of our tourist destinations

13.9.2 Directing tourists’ spatial distribution Three approaches are followed to distribute tourists effectively to the many tourist sites:

Create representative bodies: Tourist-based industries are linked to form representative bodies. Tourists can then easily access knowledge about all tourist destinations.
Improve marketing: Tourists receive accurate product descriptions and information about competitive prices. Less well-known destinations are aggressively marketed.
Improve supporting services: The standards of transport, accommodation and other amenities (facilities and services) are world class.

13.9.3 Taxation Growth in tourism results in increased tourist taxes. Guidelines for levying taxes are:

Equity: Taxes must be fair, e.g. taxes on air tickets.
Efficiency: Nature and game reserves charge entry taxes to regulate tourist flows.
Simplicity: A flat tax rate is used to ensure taxes are easy to pay and administer.

13.9.4 Infrastructure Tourism requires economic infrastructure (roads), social infrastructure(ambulances) and basic services (clean water):

Infrastructure is maintained for the benefit of domestic and foreign tourists, as well as local citizens.
More infrastructure is required, e.g. water supplies.
Existing infrastructure must be upgraded, e.g. upgrade dirt roads to tarred roads.
Use new technology to extend the infrastructure, e.g. build the Gautrain.
Define the concept tourism. (4)
Explain the difference between an inbound and an outbound tourist. (4)
List any THREE World Heritage Sites in South Africa. (3)
Discuss the effect of tourism on infrastructure. (4 × 2) (8) [19]
Mapungubwe in Limpopo Vredefort Dome (meteorite) in North West 3 Sterkfontein caves (Mrs Ples and Cradle of Humankind) Robben Island (any 3) (3)
More infrastructure (e.g. water)
Upgrading (e.g. upgrade dirt roads to tarred roads)
New technology (e.g. transport) (8) [19]

Activity 2 Choose the correct answer from the following alternatives: Tourism is _________ intensive.

Answer to activity 2 A. Labour [2]

Activity 3 Choose the correct answer from the following alternatives: Tourism benefits the household through_________ .