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Why Patients Are Turning to Medical Tourism

Statistics, Benefits, and Risks

Planning Ahead

Frequently asked questions.

Medical tourism is a term that refers to traveling to another country to get a medical or dental procedure. In some instances, medical tourists travel abroad seeking alternative treatments that are not approved in the United States.

Medical tourism is successful for millions of people each year, and it is on the rise for a variety of reasons, including increasing healthcare costs in the United States, lack of health insurance, specialist-driven procedures, high-quality facilities, and the opportunity to travel before or after a medical procedure.

According to a New York Times article from January 2021, pent-up demand for nonessential surgeries, as well as the fact that many Americans lost their health insurance during the coronavirus pandemic led to a surge in medical tourism once other countries re-opened.

However, there are specific risks that come with traveling overseas for surgery. If you're thinking of pursuing a medical procedure in another country, here's what to know about the benefits and the risks.

Medical Tourism Benefits

The most common procedures Americans go abroad for include dental care, cosmetic procedures , fertility treatments, organ transplants , and cancer treatment.

This is not to be confused with having an unplanned procedure in a foreign country due to an unexpected illness or injury.

Among the reasons a person might choose to go abroad for a medical procedure are:

Lower Costs

Medical tourists can save anywhere from 25% to 90% in medical bills, depending on the procedure they get and the country they travel to. There are several factors that play into this:

• The cost of diagnostic testing and medications is particularly expensive in the United States.
• The cost of pre- and post-procedure labor is often dramatically lower overseas. This includes labor costs for nurses , aides, surgeons , pharmacists, physical therapists , and more.
• High cost of malpractice insurance—the insurance that protects medical professionals against lawsuits—in the United States.
• Hospital stays cost far less in many overseas countries compared to the United States. In other words, quality care, hospital meals, and rehabilitation are far more affordable abroad for many people.

For someone who doesn't have insurance , or someone having a procedure that is not covered by insurance , the difference can be enormous.

Popular Countries for Medical Tourism

Dominican Republic

South Korea

Culture and Language

Many immigrants prefer to have treatments and procedures done in their country of origin—a sensible decision, considering just how much language barriers alone can affect the quality of their care.

Furthermore, at least 25% of immigrants and noncitizen residents in the United States are uninsured, compared to 9% of American citizens. Children with at least one noncitizen parent are also more likely to be uninsured.

Practicalities aside, many people choose to have their procedure done in their country of origin simply because it allows them to be close to family, friends, and caretakers who can assist them through their recovery .

Insurance Incentives

Some insurance companies have started promoting medical tourism. The reason behind this is simple: savings for the insured means savings for the insurance provider and vice versa.

Several insurance providers, including Aetna have programs specifically geared at promoting safe medical tourism. Some insurance providers even offer financial incentives for medical tourism, like discounts on medical bills .

That said, many insurance companies will not pay for surgery performed outside of the country unless it is an emergency.

Luxury and Privacy

Medical tourism is a lucrative business for many countries, and much of the money brought in by medical tourists is reinvested into the local economy and health infrastructure.

The effect of this is apparent in the spa-like luxury that some foreign hospitals offer, providing medical tourists the opportunity to be pampered during their stay for a fraction of the cost they would pay at home.

Some facilities offer hospital rooms that are more like a hotel suite than a traditional hospital room. Other hospitals offer one-on-one private nursing care, which is far more generous and attentive than the staffing ratios that most hospitals allow.

Medical tourists who seek that added layer of privacy can find it abroad. Many can return home from their "vacation" without anyone knowing they had a procedure at all.

Vacation in a Foreign Country

Medical tourists often take advantage of their stay in a foreign country to travel for pleasure by scheduling a vacation before or after their procedure.

This is an especially inexpensive way to travel to a foreign country, especially if their insurance provider is paying for the flight and the cost of staying is low. 

While it seems logical to recover on a beach or in a chalet by the mountains, keep in mind that it's important not to jeopardize your recovery.

Swimming isn't recommended until your incisions are completely closed. You may not feel up to doing much more than napping in the days following your procedure, either.

Don't let your vacation disrupt your recovery. Any time you have a procedure done, especially a surgery, it's important to listen to your body, take your medications as directed, and follow your doctor's recommendations closely.

Bypassing Rules and Regulations

Some travelers seek surgery abroad to bypass rules that are set in place by their own government, insurance company , or hospital. These rules are typically in place to protect the patient from harm, so getting around them isn't always the best idea.

For example, a patient may be told that their weight is too low to qualify for weight loss surgery . A surgeon in a foreign country may have a different standard for who qualifies for weight loss surgery, so the patient may qualify overseas for the procedure they want.

Talented Surgeons

Surgeons in certain countries are known for their talent in a specific area of surgery. For example, Brazilian surgeons are often touted for their strong plastic surgery skills .

Whereas in the United States, insurance companies might only cover cosmetic procedures if it is medically necessary, cosmetic surgery is often free or low-cost in Brazil's public hospitals—giving cosmetic surgeons there ample practice.

Thailand is reported to be the primary medical tourism destination for individuals seeking gender reassignment . It is often easier to qualify for surgery and the cost is significantly reduced. Surgeons are performing the procedures frequently, and as a result, many have become quite specialized in them.

It is often surprising to many medical tourists that their physician was trained in the United States. Not all physicians are, of course, but a surprisingly high percentage of them working in surgery abroad are trained in English-speaking medical schools and residency programs and then return to their home country. These physicians often speak multiple languages and may be board certified in their home country and a foreign country, such as the United States.

Medical tourism isn’t limited to countries outside of the United States, either. Many people travel to the United States for medical care due to the country's cutting-edge technology, prescription medication supply, and the general safety of healthcare.

Medical Tourism Risks

The financial and practical benefits of medical tourism are well known, and you may even know someone who had a great experience. Nonetheless, the downsides of medical tourism can be just as great if not greater. Sometimes, they can even be deadly.

If you are considering a trip abroad for your procedure, you should know that medical tourism isn't entirely without obstacle and risks. These include:

Poorly Trained Surgeons

In any country—the United States included—there will be good surgeons and bad. And just as there are great surgeons abroad, there are also some surgeons who are less talented, less trained, and less experienced.

Regardless of what procedure you are getting or where, you should always do some preliminary research into the surgeon or physician who will be treating you as well as the hospital you will be treated at.

In the United States, it is fairly easy to obtain information about malpractice lawsuits , sanctions by medical boards, and other disciplinary actions against a physician.

Performing this research from afar can be challenging, especially if you don't speak the local language. Yet countless people take the risk anyway, without knowing whether the physicians who will treat them are reputable.

A physician should be trained in the specific area of medicine that is appropriate for your procedure. For example, you should not be having plastic surgery from a surgeon who was trained to be a heart doctor. It isn’t good enough to be a physician, the physician must be trained in the specialty .

Prior to agreeing to surgery, you should also know your surgeon’s credentials : where they studied, where they trained, and in what specialty(s) they are board-certified. Do not rely on testimonials from previous patients; these are easily made up for a website and even if they are correct, one good surgery doesn’t mean they will all be successful.

Quality of Staff

Nurses are a very important part of healthcare, and the care they provide can mean the difference between a great outcome and a terrible one.

A well-trained nurse can identify a potential problem and fix it before it truly becomes an issue. A poorly trained nurse may not identify a problem until it is too late. The quality of the nursing staff will have a direct impact on your care.

Once again, it's important to research the hospital staff where you will be having your procedure done. Read the reviews but don't trust them blindly. If you can, seek out a recommendation from someone who can vouch for the medical staff where you will be going.

Quality of the Facility

While researching healthcare facilities for your procedure, you want to learn not just about the quality of the facilities themselves, but about the country's healthcare system as a whole.

In some countries, there is a marked distinction between public hospitals and private hospitals. In Turkey, for example, private hospitals are considered on-par with hospitals in the states, while many locals will advise you to steer clear of public hospitals if you can.

You will also want to seek out facilities that are internationally accredited. In the United States, the Joint Commission evaluates hospitals and certifies those that provide safe, quality care. The international division does the same for hospitals outside the United States.

Once you have a few options for potential facilities, you can start to investigate specifics. For one, you should find as many pictures and reviews of the facility as you can. Ask yourself whether the facility is state of the art or whether it seems dirty and outdated.

You will also need to find out if the facility has ICU level care available, in case something goes wrong. If not, there should be a major hospital nearby so that you can be transferred quickly.

To learn more about a healthcare facility, consider joining expat groups on social media for the city or country you will be traveling to. Ask the group for recommendations, or inquire about any positive or negative experiences they may have had at a particular facility.

Flying Home After Surgery

Any surgery comes with risks, including infection and blood clots . Flying home increases the risk of blood clots, especially on long-haul flights that are longer than four hours.

Try to avoid flying home in the days immediately after surgery; waiting a week will decrease the chances of developing a blood clot or another serious complication during the flight.

For longer flights, plan on getting up and walking up and down the aisles each hour to improve blood flow in your legs. You might also benefit from wearing compression socks with your doctor's approval.

If you are taking blood thinners or are at-risk of blood clots , be sure to talk to your doctor about how you can reduce your risk of blood clots after your procedure and while traveling.

Furthermore, you should know the symptoms of blood clots and stay alert.

Unplanned Illness

Any time you travel abroad, you run the risk of catching an illness that you have never been exposed to or that your body is not prepared to fight off. This is especially a concern when spending time in a foreign hospital.

If you have a sensitive stomach, you may also want to think long and hard about having surgery abroad. The food is often very different in foreign hospitals, and in some areas, there is a risk that even the water will be upsetting to your body.

Having diarrhea or postoperative nausea and vomiting makes for a miserable recovery experience, especially if you do not have a friend or family member nearby who can help you through it.

Before you travel abroad, check with your doctor to see if you need any vaccines to travel to your destination or if there are any foreign illnesses you should be aware of. Picking up an illness abroad, particularly after your surgery, can potentially be life-threatening.

Language Barriers

If you are having surgery in a country where English is not the primary language, you will need to make preparations in order to be able to communicate with the staff.

You may be pleasantly surprised to learn that the staff speaks your primary language well. If not, then you will need to consider how you will make your wishes and needs known to the surgeon, the staff, and others you will meet.

Whether you are at home or abroad, remember to speak up and advocate for yourself to make sure your needs are met. If you don't speak the local language, download a language translation app on your smartphone and don't hesitate to use it to communicate your needs. Hiring a translator is another option.

A Word About Transplant Tourism

Transplant tourism is one area of medical tourism that is strongly discouraged by organ and tissue transplant professionals in multiple countries. Most international transplants are considered “black market” surgeries that are not only poor in quality, but ethically and morally wrong.

China, for example, the country that is believed to perform more international kidney transplants than any other country, is widely believed to take organs from political prisoners after their execution.

In India, living donors are often promised large sums of money for their kidney donation, only to find out they have been scammed and never receive payment. Selling an organ in India is illegal, as it is in most areas of the world, so there is little recourse for the donor.

Then there is the final outcome: how well the organ works after the surgery is complete. With black market transplants, less care is often taken with matching the donor and recipient, which leads to high levels of rejection and a greater risk of death. Furthermore, the new organ may not have been screened for diseases such as cytomegalovirus , tuberculosis , hepatitis B , and hepatitis C . It is often the new disease that leads to death, rather than the organ rejection itself.

Finally, transplant surgeons are often reluctant to care for a patient who intentionally circumvented the donor process in the United States and received their transplant from an unknown physician.

It is important to arrange your follow-up care prior to leaving your home country.

Many physicians and surgeons are hesitant to take care of a patient who received care outside the country, as they are often unfamiliar with medical tourism and have concerns about the quality of care overseas.

Arranging for follow-up care before you leave will make it easier to transition to care at home without the stress of trying to find a physician after surgery .

Just be sure to inform your follow-up care physician where you are having your procedure done. After you return, they will also want to know what prescription medications you were given, if any.

What are popular countries for medical tourism? 

Mexico, India, Costa Rica, Turkey, Singapore, Canada, and Thailand are among the many countries that are popular for medical tourism.

How safe is medical tourism?

Medical tourism is generally considered safe, but it's critical to research the quality of care, physician training, and surgical specialties of each country. There are several medical tourism organizations that specialize in evaluating popular destinations for this purpose.

What countries have free healthcare? 

Countries with free healthcare include England, Canada, Thailand, Mexico, India, Sweden, South Korea, Israel, and many others.

A Word From Verywell

If you are considering medical tourism, discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor, and consider working with your insurance provider to arrange a trip that balances financial savings with safety. (Also, before you embark on a trip overseas for your procedure, make sure you are financially prepared for unexpected events and emergencies. Don't go abroad if you don't have enough money to get yourself home in a crisis.)

A medical tourism organization such as Patients Without Borders can help you evaluate the quality and trustworthiness of healthcare in various countries. Making sure a high level of care is readily available will lead to a safer, more relaxing experience.

Centers For Disease Control and Prevention. Medical Tourism: Getting medical care in another country . Updated October 23, 2017.

University of the Incarnate Word. Center for Medical Tourism Research .

Patients Beyond Borders. Facts and figures .

Kaiser Family Foundation. Health coverage of immigrants . Published July 2021.

Paul DP 3rd, Barker T, Watts AL, Messinger A, Coustasse A. Insurance companies adapting to trends by adopting medical tourism . Health Care Manag (Frederick). 2017 Oct/Dec;36(4):326-333. doi: 10.1097/HCM.0000000000000179

Batista BN. State of plastic surgery in Brazil .  Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open . 2017 Dec;5(12):1627. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000001627

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health - Global Health Now. Brazilians' risky right to beauty . Published May 2018.

Chokrungvaranont P, Selvaggi G, Jindarak S, et al. The development of sex reassignment surgery in Thailand: a social perspective .  Sci World J . 2014 Mar;2014(1):1-5. doi:10.1155/2014/182981

The Joint Commission. For consumers .

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Blood clots and travel: what you need to know . Reviewed February 2021.

Hurley R. China harvested organs from political prisoners on substantial scale, says tribunal . BMJ . 2018 Dec;363(1):5250. doi:10.1136/bmj.k5250

Ambagtsheer F, Van Balen L. I'm not Sherlock Holmes: suspicions, secrecy, and silence of transplant professionals in the human organ trade . Euro J Criminol . 2019 Jan;17(6):764-783. doi:10.1177/1477370818825331

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Transplant Surgery. Key facts . Reviewed January 2019.

By Jennifer Whitlock, RN, MSN, FN Jennifer Whitlock, RN, MSN, FNP-C, is a board-certified family nurse practitioner. She has experience in primary care and hospital medicine.

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Medical Tourism: Travel to Another Country for Medical Care

Traveling to another country to get medical care can be risky. Learn about the risks and how to minimize them.

Traveling Internationally for Medical Care

Each year, millions of US residents travel to another country for medical care which is called medical tourism. Medical tourists from the United States most commonly travel to Mexico and Canada, and to several other countries in Central America, South America, and the Caribbean.

The reasons people may seek medical care in another country include:

• Cost: To get a treatment or procedure that may be cheaper in another country
• Culture: To receive care from a clinician who shares the traveler’s culture and language
• Unavailable or unapproved procedures: To get a procedure or therapy that is not available or approved in the United States

The most common procedures that people undergo on medical tourism trips include dental care, cosmetic surgery, fertility treatments, organ and tissue transplantation, and cancer treatment.

Medical Tourism Can Be Risky

The risk of complications depends on the destination, the facility where the procedure is being performed, and whether the traveler is in good health for the procedure(s). Other issues that can increase a traveler’s risk of complications include:

Infectious Diseases.  All medical procedures have some risk of infection. Complications from procedures performed in other countries include wound infections, bloodstream infections, donor-derived infections (in the case of transplantations or transfusions), and diseases such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV.

Antimicrobial resistance.   Highly drug-resistant bacteria and fungi have caused disease outbreaks among medical tourists. Antimicrobial resistance happens when germs develop the ability to not respond to drugs such as antibiotics used to treat infections. Antimicrobial resistance is a global problem. Healthcare facilities in another country may not have adequate infection control practices and medical tourists could be at risk for getting a drug-resistant infection.

Quality of Care. Some countries’ requirements for maintaining licensure, credentialing, and accreditation may also be less than what would be required in the United States. In some countries, counterfeit medicines and lower quality medical devices may be used.

Communication challenges. Communicating with staff at the destination and healthcare facility may be challenging. Receiving care at a facility where you do not speak the language fluently could lead to misunderstandings about your care.

Air Travel.  Flying after surgery can increase the risk for blood clots, including  deep vein thrombosis . Delaying air travel for 10-14 days following major surgeries, particularly those involving the chest, will minimize risks associated with changes in atmospheric pressure.

Continuity of Care.  Travelers may need to get health care in the United States if they develop complications after returning. Follow-up care for complications might be expensive. Treatment might be prolonged and might not be covered by your health insurance.

How You Can Minimize Medical Tourism Risks

Research the clinician and facility.

• Check the qualifications of the clinician who will be doing the procedure and the credentials of the facility where the procedure will be done. Accrediting groups, including Joint Commission International, DNV GL International Accreditation for Hospitals, and the International Society for Quality in Healthcare, have lists of standards that healthcare facilities need to meet to be accredited. Please note that all surgeries carry the risk of complications and accreditation does not guarantee a positive outcome.
• If you go to a country where you do not speak the language, determine ahead of time how you will communicate with your clinician and others who will be caring for you.

Before you travel

• Get a pretravel consultation. See your healthcare provider or a travel medicine clinician at least 4–6 weeks before the trip to discuss general information for healthy travel and learn about specific risks you may face because of your health status, the procedure, and travel before and after the procedure.
• Obtain international  travel health insurance  that covers medical evacuation back to the United States.
• Find out what activities are not recommended around the time of the medical procedure, such as swimming or hiking, and plan accordingly.

Maintain your health and medical records

• Bring copies of your medical records with you, including results of lab tests and other tests related to your condition and care. Inform the medical staff at your destination of allergies you may have.
• Pack a  travel health kit  with your prescription and over-the-counter medicines in their original packaging. Bring enough medicine to last your whole trip, plus a little extra in case of delays. Also, bring copies of all your prescriptions and a list of medications you take, including their brand names, generic names, manufacturers, and dosages.
• Get copies of all your medical records from the medical facility at your destination before you return home. You may need to get them translated into English.

Arrange for follow-up care before you travel

• Identify where you will be staying immediately after the procedure.
• Make sure you can get any needed follow-up care in the United States. Follow-up care for medical complications can be expensive and might not be covered by your health insurance. Travelers considering procedures outside the United States should understand the potential financial costs associated with follow-up care or emergency care in the event of complications, review their health insurance policies to determine what, if anything, is covered and plan for the possibility of paying for additional care out-of-pocket.
• Supplemental travel health insurance may also be available to cover follow-up or emergency care from procedures received abroad.

Related Resources

• CDC Yellow Book: Medical Tourism
• American Medical Association Ethical Guidance on Medical Tourism
• Organization for Safety, Asepsis, & Prevention's Traveler’s Guide to Safe Dental Care
• The International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery guidelines for travelers
• International Travel (US Department of State)
• Your Health Abroad (US Department of State)

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Medical Tourism

The journey to world-class care: top medical tourism destinations in the united states.

When it comes to healthcare, patients want access to the latest treatments, experienced medical staff, and world-class facilities. For those seeking medical care outside of their home country, the United States is a premier destination for medical tourism. With a reputation for excellence in healthcare, the United States offers some of the best medical facilities and treatments in the world. In this article, we will explore the top medical tourism destinations in the United States and why they are the best.

New York City:

Home to some of the most prestigious medical facilities in the world, New York City is a top destination for medical tourism. From cancer treatments to cardiac care, New York City offers some of the most advanced medical treatments available. Some of the top medical facilities in New York City include Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, and Mount Sinai Hospital.

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center is one of the world's leading cancer treatment centers. The center has a team of over 1,200 oncologists and is equipped with state-of-the-art technology, such as robotic surgery and proton therapy. Patients from all over the world travel to New York City to receive treatment at Memorial Sloan Kettering.

New York-Presbyterian Hospital is one of the largest hospitals in the United States and is consistently ranked as one of the best hospitals in the country. The hospital has a team of over 4,000 physicians and provides a wide range of medical services, including cardiology, neurology, and oncology.

Mount Sinai Hospital is a top-ranked hospital in the United States, with a reputation for excellence in medical research and patient care. The hospital has a team of over 7,000 physicians and offers a wide range of medical services, including cancer treatment, heart care, and neurology.

Los Angeles:

Known for its cutting-edge cosmetic and plastic surgery treatments, Los Angeles is a premier destination for medical tourism. However, it's not just cosmetic treatments that make Los Angeles a top medical tourism destination. With some of the best medical research facilities in the world, Los Angeles offers access to groundbreaking treatments and therapies. Some of the top medical facilities in Los Angeles include Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA Medical Center, and City of Hope National Medical Center.

Cedars-Sinai Medical Center is a top-ranked hospital in the United States, with a reputation for excellence in patient care and medical research. The hospital is known for its cardiology, neurology, and oncology departments and has a team of over 2,000 physicians.

UCLA Medical Center is consistently ranked as one of the best hospitals in the United States and offers a wide range of medical services, including cancer treatment, heart care, and neurology. The hospital has a team of over 4,000 physicians and is equipped with state-of-the-art technology.

City of Hope National Medical Center is a world-renowned cancer treatment center and research institute. The center has a team of over 500 physicians and is equipped with cutting-edge technology, such as robotic surgery and gene therapy.

With its warm climate and beautiful beaches, Miami is a popular vacation destination. But it's also a top destination for medical tourism. With a large Hispanic population, Miami is home to some of the best medical facilities for Spanish-speaking patients. Miami is also known for its cosmetic surgery treatments and has become a hub for medical tourism from Latin America. Some of the top medical facilities in Miami include Jackson Memorial Hospital, University of Miami Hospital, and Baptist Health South Florida.

Jackson Memorial Hospital is a top-ranked hospital in the United States, with a reputation for excellence in patient care and medical research. The hospital is known for its trauma center and provides a wide range of medical services, including cardiology, neurology, and oncology.

University of Miami Hospital is a top-ranked hospital in the United States, with a reputation for excellence in patient care and medical research. The hospital offers a wide range of medical services, including cardiology, neurology, and oncology, and has a team of over 1,200 physicians.

Baptist Health South Florida is a not-for-profit healthcare organization that operates multiple hospitals and medical facilities in the Miami area. The organization is known for its advanced medical technology and patient-centered care.

Home to some of the top medical research facilities in the world, Boston is a premier destination for medical tourism. With a focus on research and development, Boston offers access to some of the most advanced medical treatments available. Some of the top medical facilities in Boston include Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Boston Children's Hospital.

Massachusetts General Hospital is a top-ranked hospital in the United States and is known for its expertise in a wide range of medical specialties, including cancer treatment, neurology, and cardiology. The hospital has a team of over 1,600 physicians and is equipped with state-of-the-art technology.

Brigham and Women's Hospital is a world-renowned hospital and research institution. The hospital is known for its expertise in a wide range of medical specialties, including cancer treatment, neurology, and cardiology. The hospital has a team of over 1,600 physicians and is equipped with state-of-the-art technology.

Boston Children's Hospital is a top-ranked children's hospital and research institution. The hospital is known for its expertise in a wide range of pediatric specialties, including cancer treatment, neurology, and cardiology. The hospital has a team of over 1,000 physicians and is equipped with state-of-the-art technology.

With a reputation for excellence in cancer care, Houston is a top destination for medical tourism. Home to some of the best cancer treatment facilities in the world, Houston offers access to cutting-edge treatments and therapies. Some of the top medical facilities in Houston include MD Anderson Cancer Center, Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center, and Houston Methodist Hospital.

MD Anderson Cancer Center is a world-renowned cancer treatment center and research institution. The center has a team of over 1,400 physicians and is equipped with cutting-edge technology, such as proton therapy and gene therapy.

Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center is a top-ranked hospital in the United States and offers a wide range of medical services, including cancer treatment, heart care, and neurology. The hospital has a team of over 5,000 physicians and is equipped with state-of-the-art technology.

Houston Methodist Hospital is a top-ranked hospital in the United States and offers a wide range of medical services, including cancer treatment, heart care, and neurology. The hospital has a team of over 2,000 physicians and is equipped with state-of-the-art technology.

Why Choose the United States for Medical Tourism?

The United States offers some of the best medical facilities and treatments in the world. From cutting-edge treatments to experienced medical staff, the United States is a premier destination for patients seeking world-class care. Additionally, the United States has a reputation for medical excellence and is home to some of the top medical research facilities in the world.

Medical tourism can be a complex process, and it's important to choose the right destination and medical facility to meet your specific needs. Working with a medical tourism consultant can help make the process smoother and more streamlined. Global Healthcare Resources is a leading consultancy that helps hospitals and destinations attract inbound medical tourism. With their expertise, they can help you find the right destination and medical facility to meet your specific needs.

In conclusion, the United States is a premier destination for medical tourism, offering some of the best medical facilities and treatments in the world. From cancer care to cosmetic surgery, the top medical tourism destinations in the United States offer a range of specialties to meet the needs of patients from around the globe. These destinations have some of the most advanced medical treatments available and a team of experienced medical staff who are dedicated to providing world-class care.

If you're considering medical tourism and would like to learn more about how Global Healthcare Resources can help you find the right destination and medical facility to meet your specific needs, visit their website at https://www.globalhealthcareresources.com/medical-tourism-consulting . Their team of experts can provide you with the guidance and support you need to make your medical tourism journey a success.

Working with a medical tourism consultant can help make the process smoother and more streamlined. Global Healthcare Resources is a leading consultant that helps hospitals and destinations attract inbound medical tourism. With their expertise, they can help patients find the right destination and medical facility to meet their specific needs.

Don't let the complexity of medical tourism hold you back from receiving world-class care. With the help of Global Healthcare Resources, you can find the right destination and medical facility to meet your needs and ensure a successful medical tourism journey.

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The Medical Tourism Magazine (MTM), known as the “voice” of the medical tourism industry, provides members and key industry experts with the opportunity to share important developments, initiatives, themes, topics and trends that make the medical tourism industry the booming market it is today.

DESTINATION

United States

1. Overview

Brief introduction to the country and its reputation in medical tourism.

The United States of America is known around the world for its cutting-edge medical research, highly qualified healthcare professionals, and state-of-the-art medical facilities. As a result, it has become a leading destination for medical tourism, attracting patients from various countries seeking specialized treatments and procedures not readily available or affordable in their home nations. The U.S. healthcare system is renowned for its high standard of care and offers a broad range of treatments from elective surgeries to life-saving interventions.

Historical and Cultural Significance in Medicine

Historically, the United States has been a pioneer in medical research and innovation. From the discovery of insulin to groundbreaking work in genomics and robotics, the nation has long been at the forefront of medical advancements. Furthermore, American institutions have been the recipients of numerous Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine, signifying its pivotal role in the medical landscape. Culturally, the U.S. is often viewed as a melting pot of diverse medical philosophies, blending various global perspectives to create a comprehensive healthcare system.

Diverse Medical Landscape

One of the unique aspects of medical tourism in the United States is the diversity of treatments and healthcare options available. Whether it's world-class cancer centers, renowned cardiac care facilities, or holistic wellness retreats, the U.S. caters to a wide array of medical needs and preferences. Patients can expect a high level of customization and a patient-centric approach, designed to provide the best possible outcomes.

Access to Pioneering Technologies

The U.S. is home to some of the world’s most advanced medical technologies, many of which were developed within its borders. From the latest MRI and surgical robotics to innovative drug therapies, the country offers medical tourists access to cutting-edge treatments that may be unavailable or unaffordable in their home countries.

2. Popular Medical Procedures

List of procedures.

Medical tourists often visit the United States for specialized treatments that include, but are not limited to:

• Oncology services
• Cardiac surgeries
• Orthopedic procedures
• Cosmetic surgeries
• Transplant surgeries
• Neurological treatments

Specializations and Pioneering Treatments

The United States specializes in precision medicine, genomics, and robotic-assisted surgeries among other advanced treatments. It is also a leader in pioneering minimally invasive surgical techniques and targeted cancer therapies. These innovations not only improve success rates but also reduce recovery time and increase the overall patient experience.

3. Top Hospitals & Clinics

List of renowned hospitals.

• Mayo Clinic
• Cleveland Clinic
• Johns Hopkins Hospital
• Massachusetts General Hospital

Accreditation and Affiliations

Most top hospitals in the United States are accredited by organizations such as the Joint Commission or the Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program (HFAP). These organizations ensure that healthcare providers maintain high standards of patient care and safety.

Special Features, Awards, or Recognitions

Many American hospitals are recognized globally for their clinical excellence, patient safety, and cutting-edge medical research. Awards such as the Magnet Recognition for Nursing Excellence are often indicators of a high standard of care.

4. Cost Comparison

Comparative data.

Medical procedures in the United States are often more expensive than in other countries. For example, a hip replacement may cost between $30,000 and $40,000 in the U.S., compared to $10,000 to $15,000 in countries like India or Thailand. However, the quality of care and access to advanced technologies can justify the higher costs for some patients.

Price Ranges

Prices for medical procedures can vary widely depending on the hospital and the state. It is crucial to consult various sources and get multiple quotes before making a decision.

5. Quality & Safety

Medical standards and practices.

The United States adheres to some of the strictest medical standards in the world, enforced by federal and state laws. These regulations are designed to ensure the highest quality of patient care and safety.

Accreditation Systems, Regulatory Bodies, and Quality Checks

Organizations like the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) play pivotal roles in ensuring the safety and efficacy of medical treatments and devices.

Patient Safety Protocols and Patient Rights

Patient safety is a high priority, with protocols in place for everything from sanitation and infection control to patient confidentiality. Patients also have the right to informed consent and the right to seek a second opinion.

6. Medical Visa Information

Guidelines and requirements.

For medical treatment in the United States, foreign nationals generally require a B-2 visa. Requirements for this visa include proof of medical appointment and financial ability to pay for treatments.

Duration, Documentation, and Application Process

Typically, a B-2 visa allows for a stay of up to six months, extendable in certain situations. Necessary documentation includes valid passports, medical records, and proof of financial ability to pay for treatments.

Other Travel-related Advisories or Restrictions

It’s important to consult the U.S. embassy or consulate in your home country for the most current travel advisories or restrictions related to health and safety.

7. Cultural Considerations

Local customs and etiquette.

While the United States is generally accommodating and tolerant, it is advisable to understand some basic social norms, such as tipping service providers and respecting personal space.

Language(s) Spoken

English is the primary language spoken in healthcare facilities. However, interpreters are often available for non-English-speaking patients.

Dietary Considerations or Restrictions

Hospitals generally offer a variety of meal options, including those that cater to specific dietary needs or religious restrictions.

8. Travel & Accommodation

Popular and recommended areas to stay.

Major cities with top healthcare facilities often have a range of accommodation options, from budget hotels to luxury resorts.

Proximity to Medical Facilities

Accommodations are often available within close proximity to medical facilities, and some hospitals even offer on-site lodging options for patients and families.

Transportation Facilities and Infrastructure

The United States has a well-developed public and private transportation network, making it convenient for medical tourists to move between accommodations, healthcare facilities, and tourist spots.

Recommendations for Post-procedure Relaxation and Recuperation

Depending on the nature of the treatment, locations near natural reserves, beaches, or wellness retreats are often recommended for relaxation and recovery.

9. Legal & Ethical Considerations

Information about legal rights.

Patients have the right to informed consent, confidentiality, and to seek a second opinion. Legal avenues exist for cases of medical malpractice.

Details About Medical Malpractice Laws

Medical malpractice laws vary by state, but generally, patients have the right to compensation if harmed due to negligence.

Ethical Considerations

Ethical guidelines are strictly adhered to, particularly in sensitive matters like organ transplantation and experimental treatments.

10. Benefits & Risks

Medical tourists can expect high-quality care, access to advanced technologies, and a wide range of specialized treatments.

Potential risks include higher costs and the complexities related to travel, such as the physical stress of long flights.

11. Post-procedure Care

Post-operative care.

American hospitals offer comprehensive post-operative care, including follow-up appointments and access to rehabilitation services.

Availability and Quality of Rehabilitation Centers

Rehabilitation centers, often affiliated with top hospitals, provide specialized care designed to accelerate recovery and improve outcomes.

12. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Typical questions.

• What are the visa requirements for medical treatment in the U.S.?
• How can I verify the credentials of a U.S. healthcare provider?
• What are my rights as a patient?
• How do I plan my stay for medical treatment and recovery?

Global Provider Members

Washington, D.C.

329,705,410

As a huge country, the contiguous United States is home to a wide variety of climates. However, in general, it has a continental climate, with cold winters (often frigid) and hot summers (sometimes very hot), with a different season duration depending on latitude and distance from the sea. There are, however, some exceptions: on the west coast overlooking the Pacific Ocean, the climate is cool and damp in the northern part and Mediterranean in the southern part. On the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, the climate is mild in winter and hot and muggy in summer. In Florida, the weather is near-tropical. Ruggid settings like the Rocky Mountains are cold in winter and often cool, even in summer. The southwest features deserts which are mild in winter and scorchingly hot in summer.

Facilitators

American Medical Care

Washington, DC, U.S.A

Fort Lauderdale, United States

St. Thomas, United States

Florida, United States

Beverly Hills, United States

Los Angeles, United States

Newport News, United States

Las Vegas, United States

California, United States

Tennessee, United States

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Indianapolis, United States

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MedicalTourism.com

MedicalTourism.com is a free, confidential, independent resource for patients and industry providers. Our mission is to provide a central portal where patients, medical tourism providers, hospitals, clinics, employers, and insurance companies can all find the information they need. Our site focuses on patients looking for specific knowledge in the fields of medical tourism, dental tourism, and health tourism.

Times of San Diego

Local News and Opinion for San Diego

Tijuana’s Medical Tourism Surge: A Lifeline for Bariatric Patients and Economic Boost for San Diego

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Medical tourism is on the rise. One study published in the American Journal of Medicine estimated that, as of 2017, more than one million people travel overseas for medical care. People travel overseas because medical care is too expensive in their home countries or they can’t get treatment as quickly as they would like.

Rising Demand for Medical Tourism in Tijuana

Tijiuana, in particular, has seen a surge in medical tourism. The high cost of healthcare in the United States brings patients south of the border for bariatric and other surgeries. Thousands of Americans and Canadians flock to Tijuana for medical care that is 40 to 70 percent less expensive than in their home countries. In the United States, bariatric surgery can be incredibly expensive. Even if a person has insurance, they may be facing high out-of-pocket costs for bariatric surgery. Fortunately, Tijuana has become a beacon of hope for U.S. patients who face high costs or stringent insurance barriers for bariatric surgery.

The San Diego-Tijuana Region

The rapidly growing medical tourism industry in Tijuana, especially for bariatric surgery, is reshaping the dynamics of healthcare and economy in the San Diego-Tijuana region. At the forefront of this change is Renew Bariatrics, a healthcare facility credited with over 8,000 successful surgeries.

The San Diego airport is the gateway to Tijuana’s medical tourism. Patients often prefer flying into San Diego Airport due to its convenience and proximity to Tijuana. The alternative, flying directly into Tijuana, typically involves a stopover in Mexico City, resulting in longer flights and a more complex immigration process.

This travel pattern presents a significant economic opportunity for San Diego, as patients frequently spend several days to weeks in the city either before or after their surgery

Medical Tourists Support The Local Economy

Medical tourism visitors support Tijuana’s local economy: shops, restaurants, hotels, and liquor stores all benefit from medical tourism. A downturn in medical tourism means lost money and lost jobs for many residents.

Medical tourism also benefits San Diego’s local economy.  Patients often prefer flying into San Diego Airport due to its convenience and proximity to Tijuana. Patients contribute to San Diego’s economy by spending on accommodations, dining, and entertainment. Many patients extend their stay to explore San Diego’s famous attractions, such as the renowned zoo, the Gaslamp Quarter, and Old Town, enhancing the cultural and recreational appeal of the region.

Patient’s also often visit Tijuana’s many cultural attractions, including Tijuana’s Zona Rio and new wineries in Baja’s hot grape-growing district Guadalupe Valley. In addition, the many local salons and spas offer unique experiences, contributing to the region’s appeal as a medical tourism destination.

Medical Community’s Growth in Tijuana

The demand for bariatric surgery has resulted in a number of state-of-the-art medical facilities and improvements in Tijuana. Medical tourism has spurred a number of new hospitals and facilities.  In addition, a special medical lane was recently opened at the border for medical tourists. This lane allows patients of Tijuana doctors to pass through the border in a special fast lane, avoiding long lines.

The demand for medical treatment has also attracted global medical professionals to Tijuana, seeking training and career opportunities. Dr. Hector Perez, a renowned surgeon at Renew Bariatrics , is a key figure in this growth, training medical professionals and contributing to the city’s rising status in the global medical community.

Tijuana hosts several annual medical bariatric conferences, with Dr. Perez often playing a significant role, including his position as this year’s scientific coordinator for the IFSO.

Why Do People Travel To Tijuana For Medical Procedures?

Bariatric surgery can be life-changing for patients who are obese. It can treat diabetes, sleep apnea, and other obesity related conditions. Most patients say that they have no regrets.

So, why do people travel south of the border for bariatric and other surgeries? Why not just have the surgery at home? Here are some of the top reasons why patients choose Mexico for surgery. 

High Quality Care

According to the New York Post, more than 90 percent of people who cross the border in California for medical services say that the medical care they received in Mexico was the same or better quality than that received in the United States.

World-Renowned Surgeons

Medical tourism provides patients with access to leading bariatric surgeons in Mexico , like Dr. Hector Perez, who is a key figure in the bariatric surgery space. Dr. Perez is a board-certified bariatric surgeon who has performed thousands of bariatric surgeries.

Healthcare Bargains

The more than one million people who travel to Mexico for medical care save 40 to 70 percent less on their treatment. If you desire great medical care and want to get surgery at a fraction of the cost, Tijuana is the way to go. The price of bariatric surgery in Mexico can start at under $5,000.

Final Thoughts

Tijuana is fast becoming one of the most popular places in the world for medical tourism. Patients choose to have procedures done in Tijuana due to the high quality of medical care and chance to spend time exploring Tijuana before or after their procedures.

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Businessing Magazine

Strategizing     Lottie Pritchard    November 1, 2020     3 min read

5 Reasons Why Medical Tourism Is Getting Popular

Medical tourism, heading abroad to receive medical care, is growing every year. More than fourteen  million people prefer treatment overseas rather than in their native countries, and the number of medical travelers is increasing annually. Let’s consider the phenomenon of the medical tourism industry and why patients go abroad to look for treatment.

Reasonable Prices

The key reason why people explore new medical destinations is the treatment cost. For instance, citizens of the USA and the UK have to pay a lot of money for health insurance, but unfortunately, that health insurance does not cover all medical procedures. For instance, dentistry or plastic surgery is not covered by insurance and costs the individual a lot of money. These procedures are more affordable in Turkey, Thailand, South Korea, and  Mexico . Visiting mentioned countries to fix teeth or improve the appearance is about 60-70% cheaper than in the UK or the USA.

New Treatment Options

Another reason people often travel abroad for medical treatment is in order to receive new or experimental treatments not available in their native countries. For example, treatment with stem cells is not approved by the FDA and is not available in the USA. So, Americans find this option in other  countries like Turkey , Spain, Ukraine, and Poland. This specific treatment can be helpful in the case of multiple sclerosis, arthrosis, and aging processes.

Also, patients from developing countries can receive access to the latest developments and innovative treatment options and techniques abroad. This saves thousands of lives every year as a patient with cancer or other severe diseases can consult with any specialist in the world, participate in medical trials, and get therapy in a top hospital.

Absence of Queues

The healthcare system in the UK provides patients with medical procedures covered by insurance in most cases. However, often people need to wait for months to be diagnosed or get a consultation with a doctor. Such a situation forces patients to seek medical assistance abroad as people cannot afford to waste time when it comes to their health—especially when it concerns medical tourists with uncommon pathologies or those who need urgent surgery.

Treatment during Vacations

One more advantage of medical tourism is the unique possibility to combine a vacation with treatment. Just imagine, you get to rest on picturesque Indian or Thai coasts, and you can renovate your smile or do some cosmetic procedures all in one trip. You will return home after vacation with a new smile or improved appearance!

Easy Travel Arrangement

It sounds good to go abroad for a cheaper and more desirable treatment; however, people experience some difficulty choosing a medical tourism destination, and contacting and booking a hospital. Moreover, they may not feel safe and may have some fear of having surgery or an operation abroad.

There are a lot of medical tourism agencies offering their services to arrange a medical trip. One of the biggest medical tourism platforms is Bookimed, where you can pick a necessary hospital online or consult by phone with a  Bookimed  manager regarding the best options in your case. This medical tourism platform assists international patients in hospital booking, scheduling operations/surgeries, online consultation with a doctor, and travel arrangement. All these services do not affect the treatment price.

Bookimed managers will be in touch with you during your treatment to help solve unforeseen problems, so you will feel safe and focus on the treatment, not some arrangements.

Medical tourism is a fast-growing industry that is involving more and more people year by year. It erases boundaries between countries making the latest treatment options accessible for everyone, and allows people to receive treatment cheaper and faster. All that patients need to do is pick a hospital online by themselves or request a medical tourism platform for assistance.

Lottie Pritchard

Lottie Pritchard is a contributor to Businessing Magazine.

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Doctors warn over complications linked to 'boom' in surgical tourism

A rising number of people are travelling abroad for procedures including weight loss surgery and hair implants. But they may not be receiving care at the same standard they would expect in the UK, health experts say.

Tuesday 25 June 2024 20:48, UK

Leading doctors have raised concerns over complications linked to a "boom" in surgical tourism.

A rising number of people are travelling abroad for procedures including weight loss surgery and hair implants, but may not be receiving care at the same standard they would expect in the UK, according to the chair of the British Medical Association's (BMA) Board of Science.

David Strain, a professor of cardiometabolic health, said medics in the UK are increasingly seeing patients with complications from surgeries, including infections.

Foreign Office travel advice states that the standard of medical facilities and available treatments can "vary widely globally" - and highlights how six British nationals died in Turkey in 2023 following medical procedures.

Medics at the BMA's national annual meeting in Belfast heard there has been a "boom" in surgical tourism, which is "leading to a rise in serious post-surgery complications and deaths".

Delegates passed a motion expressing concern over patients who need emergency surgery when they return to the UK.

The motion also called for an increase in weight management services "partially" funded by a rise in the sugar tax.

Read more: Surgeon warns against weight loss operations abroad The cost of cheap plastic surgery abroad

Dr Samuel Parker from the BMA said: "Several overseas clinics provide bariatric surgery [weight loss surgery] far cheaper than the cost of disposable instruments used in the NHS. Follow-up is typically non-existent.

"[There are] reports of shortcuts, inappropriate use of disposable instruments and patients suffering serious complications necessitating emergency NHS treatment."

On the sugar tax , he added: "The sugary drinks tax in England was followed by a drop in a number of cases of obesity among older primary school children. It is estimated that 5,000 cases of obesity per year may be prevented in Year 6 girls alone."

'Picking up the pieces'

Prof Strain said: "Surgical tourism has been a problem for some time, people disappear off to notably South Africa and Turkey, but there's many other places to disappear too.

"And complications can arise late from any procedure, not just obesity surgery, even just something as simple as hair implants that people travel for.

"You can get infections and the problem is people come back and they are asking the NHS to pick up the pieces of procedures that were done with less standards that we would normally apply in the UK.

"Health tourism is on the rise as people are slightly more affluent, international travel is easier than it was, organising these things are easier thanks to the internet."

Read more from Sky News: Four men arrested at Rishi Sunak's home Dogs brought in to hunt for missing teen Labour candidate suspended over bet

The increase in anaesthetic procedures abroad has been spurred on by a "social media nation" where people feel the need to present themselves in a certain way, Prof Strain added.

"What we can never guarantee is the surgical standards in different countries, and even the equipment that may be used, and that's where the risk comes," he said.

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Prof Strain added: "Anything that puts extra burden - if [a person] fills a hospital bed, for example, with an infection, there are only so many beds, and a hospital bed full of somebody who's gone for a procedure [abroad] that needs to be fixed, means that an elective procedure is likely to get cancelled.

"In an already overburdened health service then, health tourism can cause significant issues."

Related Topics

Why Americans are turning to Mexico for pet care

A growing pet medical tourism industry is happening across the southern border.

A growing number of pet owners in the U.S. are turning to Mexico to access more affordable medical care for their pets.

Miguel Lazcano of New York City, a pet owner who considers his three dogs to be his family, was facing a heart-wrenching situation. One of his dogs, a long-haired dachshund named Henry, desperately needed dental care.

"We noticed some of his teeth were loose and his breath was getting worse," Lazcano said. "They mentioned there was at least four extractions and the cost on the high end was around $5,000. And on the low end, was around $3,500."

Without the safety net of pet insurance, Lazcano had already spent a significant amount, $700, on Henry’s bloodwork. Faced with the prospect of pricey dental care, Lazcano decided to explore more cost-effective veterinary treatment in Mexico.

He discovered MexiVet Express, a pet courier service that would take Henry to Tijuana, Mexico, for veterinary care. It’s part of a growing pet medical tourism industry across the southern border.

MORE: This cleaning brush is great for pet owners

Anna Ginsky, the owner of MexiVet Express, got the idea to start the company after taking her pooch to Mexico for dental care. She regularly visits Tijuana, just 20 minutes from her California home, to save money on her own medical needs.

Ginsky said she saved $1,600 on her dog’s veterinary care in Mexico.

"Mexican vets are definitely targeting U.S. pet owners to become their clients," Ginsky said. "They're making announcements in English. They're advertising more on the internet."

Her clients travel from all over the United States. Ginsky and her team accompany the pets while their owners remain stateside.

Most of the vet visits are completed within a day. The most popular services include dental care and simple surgeries. The Mexican veterinarians Ginsky works with also offer follow-up appointments, wellness exams and even chemotherapy treatment.

"It makes me feel really fulfilled to be able to offer a service like this," Ginsky said. "We have people that cry when they learn what our prices are going to be and how affordable it's going to be for them."

After traveling almost 3,000 miles, Henry arrived for his first medical appointment in Mexico. Henry underwent an echocardiogram to make sure he can tolerate anesthesia before moving on to a second clinic for his teeth cleaning and extractions.

Ginsky called Lazcano with regular updates on his dachshund. She emphasized the importance of keeping pet owners informed throughout the day, regardless of whether they are new clients or have used her services before. “Everybody loves their pet just the same. And they want to make sure that their pet’s doing OK,” she said.

MORE: More than 4,000 additional robotic pets to be given to seniors in New York to combat loneliness

Ronald Richards, the owner of Vet Playas Clinic where Henry had his dental work done, estimates that 80% of his clients are from the U.S. He says one reason veterinary prices are lower in Mexico is that labor costs less.

"The doctors just don't make as much money as they do in the United States," Richards said. "And then you have the cost of your building, which is less because the real estate is less. We don't have medical malpractice insurance or anything like that. So here in Mexico, it's really kind of buyer beware in regards to when you go to somebody's clinic for service."

Experts advise U.S. pet owners to be aware of differing veterinary standards in other countries. California-based veterinary surgeon Courtney Campbell also warned that taking pets across the border, or what is known as "pet medical tourism," raises some important concerns.

"There are different accreditation rules for each veterinary school in other countries," Dr. Campbell said. "Second is the stress on the pet itself, right? The idea that we will take a pet who may be ill, bring them over the border, receive treatment. They get transported again over the border and then back to the home. And if your pet is experiencing complications, you may have hidden costs because now you have to extend your stay at that particular location."

Despite the risks, Lazcano feels comfortable with his decision and confident in the veterinarian care Henry received.

"I've seen instances where, you know, humans go to Mexico for their own dental work, surgeries," Lazcano said. "Just cause it's things that are at human grade and I don't see why Mexico would be any different."

Henry returned home after his dental surgery, and Lazcano was pleased with the results. He said Henry's breath is fresh, and the dog has fully recovered.

Lazcano spent about a third of what he would have paid a vet in New York. He’s now considering taking his two other dogs for treatment in Mexico.

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Healthcare Development & Architecture

Medical tourism sustainable development.

Since the 1980s different industries have committed to mitigate or potentiate negative and positive impacts under the concept of sustainable development. Today medical tourism is a growing industry and like any other activity is generating both impacts. But is medical tourism a tool for the sustainable development of a region? ‍

The primary motivation of a medical tourism patient is to travel outside of the area of residence for reduced prices higher quality and quick access to medical care.As a result medical travel has created a social cultural and economic phenomenon that generates positive and negative impacts in built-up areas in natural areas and in communities. ‍

Some Impacts of Medical Tourism

Impacts occur in three main areas:.

Environmental impacts: Medical tourism makes use of natural resources. Their indiscriminate use without good practices will contribute to its depletion.In some cases the medical tourist performs leisure activities at a destination and establishes incentives for the protection and use of natural resources especially in countries like Costa Rica and Columbia -- where nature and cultural tourism are important sectors in the economy.

Social impacts: Medical tourism has a positive social impact by allowing millions access to enhanced health services at affordable prices thus improving their quality of life and creating jobs cultural enrichment and technological advances within the community. ‍

All medical tourism providers and doctors must take into account the principles of environmental economic and social sustainability.

One of the most noticeable negative impacts is how the local community in some countries becomes antipathy to medical tourists who are perceived to have greater availability to services and are treated differently.

Economic impacts: Economic impacts of health tourism are remarkable for its multiplier effect. For example in Colombia the ratio is 1:5 meaning that for every dollar spent on healthcare the medical traveler spends $5 within the tourism industry -- at hotels restaurants transportation and travel agencies and malls (MCIT 2013). ‍

When these economic benefits are not equally distributed throughout the host region social inequality may result. Also tourism contributes to the inflation of prices in the destination and may affect the quality of life for people with less purchasing power. ‍

Sustainable Development

In 1987 the United Nations the Brundtland Commission defined sustainable development as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations. Although this concept initially focused on the environment by 1992 sustainable development perspectives began to change and instead focused on three pillars: economic progress social justice and environmental preservation. ‍

• Economic progress: Refers to the allocation and efficient management of public and private investments and resources that not only generate economic profitability to the company but also efficiency in terms of macrosocial benefits (Sachs 2008). ‍
• Social justice: Relates to building a civilization with greater equity in the distribution of earnings in a way that reduces inequality between rich and poor by protecting and ensuring the participation of local communities (Sachs 2008). ‍
• Environment preservation: Refers to the rational use of natural resources taking into account the balance of ecosystems and the conservation of non-renewable resources and biodiversity (Sachs 2008). ‍

Sustainable Medical Tourism

The World Tourism Organization defines sustainable tourism development as tourism that takes into account current and future economic social and environmental impacts in order to meet the needs of visitors industry the environment and communities. ‍

Sustainable development and tourism is based on three main pillars which must take into account tourist satisfaction industry environment and community. ‍

• Environmental sustainability: Optimizing the use of environmental resources and helping to conserve natural resources and biodiversity. Also environmental sustainability should promote a better understanding of the importance of the diversity of ecosystems and improve monitoring of the environmental impact caused by production activities. ‍
• Social sustainability: Respect the socio-cultural authenticity of host communities ensuring the preservation of cultural assets and traditional community values. Additionally social sustainability must take into account the dimensions that improve the quality of life of the local community such as access to education health employment and dwelling. ‍
• Economic sustainability: Promoting and ensuring longterm economic activities in which socio-economic benefits are equally distributed among all agents generating stable employment opportunities and contributing to poverty reduction. ‍

The World Tourism Organization affirms that a sustainable balance must be established among these three pillars to guarantee long-term sustainability. ‍

Medical tourism may contribute to the generation of sustainable development if along its entire service chain the three pillars of sustainable tourism development are considered. In other words all providers and actors of medical tourism have to take into account the principles of environmental economic and social sustainability. All providers and actors must ensure a meaningful experience for the tourist and host community promoting sustainable practices in their activities. ‍

The application of these principles to medical tourism is key to enhancing the quality of life of millions worldwide environmental protection poverty reduction and economic and social development of the region. ‍

From Theory to Practice

How can sustainable medical tourism be practiced? ‍

Firstly in the medical tourism chain of service stakeholders must be aware of the importance of being sustainable not only economically but also environmentally and culturally. Awareness helps to identify both positive and negative impacts created and on which actions must be taken to mitigate or potentiate. Actions must be oriented to accomplishing the company mission and vision and also must include people who are responsible for performance and compliance deadlines. ‍

Promoting a sustainable activity generates high value for companies not only in the acquisition of savings practices but also through social responsibility perceptions of stakeholders who generate differentiation and add value to services. ‍

Almost half of all consumers are willing to pay more for products from companies that demonstrate a commitment to social responsibility (Nielsen 2012). ‍

Bibliography

Medical Tourism and Wellness MCIT 2013 Recuperado el 22 de Julio de 2013 de Sitio web de Programa de Transformación Productiva http://www.ptp.com.co/Turismo_Salud_Bienestar/Turismo_de_salud_bienestar.aspx

Rivas Garcia J. & Magadán Díaz M. Los indicadores de sostenibilidad en el turismo Revista de Economía Sociedad Turismo y Medio Ambiente 26- 61 2007.

Sachs J. D. Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet Penguin Press 2008.

Shayon S. Report: Nielsen Defines the Socially Conscious Consumer Recuperado el 22 de Jul de 2013 de Brand Channel: http://www.brandchannel. com/home/post/Nielsen-Report-Corporate-Citizenship-040312.aspx 3 de Apr de 2012.

Sustainable Development of Tourism World Tourism Organization (s.f.) Recuperado el 22 de Jul de 2013 de Definition http://sdt.unwto.org/es/ content/definicion

Sustainable Tourism Training the Trainers Programme UNESCO Regional Bureau of Science and Culture in Europe (BRESCE) pp.33-43 2009.

About the Author

Ángela Tatiana Castro Lotero is CEO and founder of Clinical Travel a travel agency specializing in medical and wellness tourism in Colombia. Castro has a professional degree in hotel and tourism business management from Externado University of Colombia. She has led the positioning of the Coffee Triangle in Colombia as a global health destination. Castro developed her thesis in lodging specializing in medical tourism. Social Responsibility -- Clinical Travel is a nonprofit organization that integrates health and tourism services promoting a sustainable and inclusive tourism committed to environmental conservation economic progress and social justice. http://clinicaltravel.co/

Unveiling the Power of Social Media Marketing in Medical Tourism

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The Medical Tourism Magazine (MTM), known as the “voice” of the medical tourism industry, provides members and key industry experts with the opportunity to share important developments, initiatives, themes, topics and trends that make the medical tourism industry the booming market it is today.

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• v.1(2); 2017 Jul 10

Medical tourism: the role of the primary care provider

Jamie l weis.

1 Physician Assistant and Medical Service Trip Leader, Urgent Care & Primary Care, Coordinated Health, Allentown, Pennsylvania , US

R Barry Sirard

2 Primary Care Physician, Urgent Care & Primary Care, Coordinated Health, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania , US

Patrick A Palmieri

3 Director, Institute for Health Services Research, Universidad Privada del Norte, Lima , Peru

With medical costs rising and millions uninsured or underinsured, patients are paying cash in developing nations to access deeply discounted medical procedures. While medical tourism can be a cost-effective option, the phenomenon is not without risk: communication difficulties, endemic tropical diseases, unregulated hospitals, and organ trafficking complicate the landscape. These risks are precisely what put the well-informed provider in a position to educate patients to safely engage in the process.

The incidence is difficult to calculate. An estimated 50 million patients travel abroad each year seeking medical services and 3–20% of Europeans receive treatment in another European Union country. 1 , 2   Patients cite shorter waiting times, and lower costs as the primary motivators. 2 Cardiac surgery or a knee replacement in a developing country can be a fraction of the cost due to currency exchange rates, lower labour costs, fewer regulations, little or no involvement of insurance companies, and low malpractice premiums. 3 For example, a cardiac surgery averaging $113 000 (£85 880) in the US is done in India for only $10 000 (£7600). 4   Figure 1 shows a cost comparison in GBP. 4

CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting.

Medical tourists usually fall into one of two categories: the middle-aged, middle-income uninsured or underinsured individuals who need a medical procedure; or middle-income individuals seeking an elective procedure. 3 The common thread is that both have adequate resources to afford health care in developing nations, but neither can afford the same within their own local market. 3

Some private insurers provide financial incentives for members to access procedures abroad. 5  One company, Hannaford in conjunction with Aetna, offered substantial discounts to employees for joint replacements in Singapore, eventually enabling them to negotiate a lower cost with a US-based hospital. 5

Patients cite word-of-mouth and internet searches as the leading determinants of destination. 6 Patients then research online, despite little to no outcomes data, choosing among numerous medical tourism companies. These sites sell custom-made packages in warm climates, for the procedure as well as ancillary arrangements such as hotel, transfers, and flights. 1

The most frequently sought treatments are cosmetic surgery, cardiac surgery, joint replacements, bariatric surgery, and organ transplant. 1 Medical touring patients may have additional risks associated with communication and language barriers, counterfeit or low-quality medications, and bacterial infections with antibiotic resistance patterns different than in the home country. 7

One analysis found a threefold greater postoperative infection rate in intensive care units outside Europe and the US. 7 Many destinations also have increased risks of endemic diseases such as HIV, malaria, dengue fever, and West Nile virus. Joint commission-accredited hospitals screen blood transfusions for HIV and hepatitis B and C, but not for all regional vector-borne diseases and there have been at least 45 documented cases of malaria transmitted by organ transplant. 7 In addition to infectious disease risk, one should also recognise the medical risk associated with air travel. As well as long flights increasing DVT risk, the change in altitude and pressure associated with commercial flights can cause postoperative complications with thoracic or abdominal surgery and the Aerospace Medical Association recommends waiting 1–2 weeks before flying after surgery. 8

Other risks are more closely related to systems than to the procedure itself. If records are incomplete or not transferred entirely, particularly with medical complications, the continuity of care is hindered. 5 Furthermore, many surgeons are apprehensive about accepting the potential complications and liability of caring for another surgeon’s patient. 5

Transplant tourism carries special risks including inadequate immunosuppression and a high rate of infection incidence 7 , 9  including increased risk of developing hepatitis B and C, HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis compared to other forms of medical tourism. 7   Additionally, there are inequalities and ethical questions related to organ trafficking. The US Department of State 2015 Trafficking in Persons Report details how people, often impoverished young men, are convinced by traffickers to sell a kidney. Following this, they have poor medical treatment, and little to no follow-up care for complications. 9   Figure 2 shows Filipino men displaying their scars from kidney sales. 10

Unregulated, promotional medical tourism websites can present a skewed view of the true risks of surgery. Only 47% of these websites present any data on surgical risks. 11 Online brokers, often paid by hospitals, will direct patients to the highest paying facilities typically without disclosing this conflict. 11

To improve informed consent, providers can validate the destination hospital’s accreditation. QHA Trent, the organisation that accredits hospitals in the UK also accredits hospitals internationally. If a hospital outside the UK pursues and achieves accreditation to the QHA Trent standard, they will typically display the logo on their website. 12 Similarly, Accreditation Canada International, Australian Counsel on Health Care Standards International, and Acreditas Global accredit international hospitals and ambulatory centers to a similar standard. The Joint Commission International (JCI) accredits international hospitals outside Australia, Canada, UK, and US, to a similar standard as the US and up-to-date listings appear on its website. 13

Additional recommendations include seeing a travel medicine specialist 6 weeks before leaving, getting documentation on exactly what is covered, carrying medical records to and from the destination hospital, and making arrangements for postoperative follow-up. See Box 1 .

Providers who are willing to discuss the procedure openly, check accreditation, and recommend appropriate safety measures, can greatly improve the patient experience and ultimate outcome. As medical tourism continues to grow, it is important for providers to be aware of the trend and risks, and to assist in the education and informed consent of patients.

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

Freely submitted; externally peer reviewed.

Competing interests

The authors declare that no competing interests exist.